# Petro-era ELN and domestic security

## What this driver is

Petro-era ELN and domestic security is one continuing Colombian mechanism: [Gustavo Petro](/people/gustavo-petro)’s Total Peace legal vehicle, the bilateral ELN ceasefire he decreed, the year that ceasefire ran, its expiry without renewal, and the January 2025 Catatumbo rupture that suspended talks and produced a state of internal commotion.

The driver is not the 2016 FARC accord as a twin (that instrument sits on a neighbouring Santos-era row), not a Venezuela civil war, and not ukraine-war. Neighbouring mechanisms — political polarisation inside Congress, [capacity for peaceful transfer of power](/drivers/capacity-for-peaceful-transfer-of-power) at the 2026 handover, Amazon hosting — can move with this file or against it. They do not replace it. A COP photograph is not this node. This node is the ELN ceasefire cycle and the security weather it sat in.

It applies to Colombia from Law 2272 of 4 November 2022 through Decree 1117 of 5 July 2023, the 3 August 2024 expiry, the 17 January 2025 suspension of ELN talks, and Decree 62 of 24 January 2025 in Catatumbo, until Petro left office on 7 August 2026. It is not Duque-era 2021 protest policing as a back-dated twin, and it is not a unique 2026 successor statute.

The legal core is Law 2272 of 2022 (Total Peace as a state policy and the vehicle for simultaneous dialogues), Decree 1117 of 2023 (bilateral, national, temporary ceasefire with the ELN from 3 August 2023), later prorogations through 3 August 2024, and Decree 62 of 2025 (conmoción interior in Catatumbo after ELN–dissident fighting). A presidential adjective on X does not change those texts.

## Mechanism

The file moves welfare through named channels.

First, a ceasefire that paused offensive contact with one group. Decree 1117 ordered the public force to suspend offensive military and police operations against ELN members inside the ceasefire protocols. UN verification later recorded that the national monitoring channel helped prevent armed contact on dozens of occasions while the ceasefire held. That is a completed pause, not a completed peace.

Second, expansion and rupture. Armed groups used the Total Peace weather — including early 2023 unilateral ceasefire announcements that the ELN immediately denied — to widen territorial control while talks stalled over kidnapping, a parallel Comuneros del Sur table, and GAO-list status. The 3 August 2024 expiry without renewal returned offensive contact. In January 2025 the ELN opened an offensive in Catatumbo against FARC dissidents. Petro suspended the ELN table on 17 January 2025 and signed Decree 62 on 24 January.

Third, displacement. OCHA, UNHCR, and later UN monitoring recorded tens of thousands displaced and confined in Catatumbo in January–February 2025. Those are dated humanitarian prints. This driver does not invent a unique national IDP integer from that fortnight.

Fourth, command. A Colombian president is commander-in-chief and the political principal of Total Peace. He does not sit as every ELN front commander, every Catatumbo mayor, or a Venezuelan border clerk. Sharing a table with an ELN delegation does not move authorship off the decrees he signed. Sharing a border with Venezuela does not convert [Nicolás Maduro](/people/nicolas-maduro) into a second Colombian president.

Fifth, timing. A ceasefire is immediate for a checkpoint and multi-year for territorial control. A later successor’s iron-fist statute is a different dated fact. It does not rewrite 5 July 2023.

## Evidence base

The best evidence is Colombian decrees plus independently counted humanitarian prints.

Law 2272 of 4 November 2022 is in the Diario Oficial (Cancillería compilation). Decree 1117 of 5 July 2023 is on the Sisjur / Bogotá Jurídica compilation of the national decree. Decree 39 and Decree 104 of 2024 prorogued the ceasefire through 3 August 2024. Decree 62 of 24 January 2025 declared conmoción interior in Catatumbo. Reuters recorded the 17 January 2025 suspension after Catatumbo attacks. AP recorded the emergency announcement. UN News and OCHA printed displacement figures that week; later UNHCR monitoring put Catatumbo among the largest displacement events of 2025. Crisis Group’s August 2026 briefing recorded that ELN talks were the only Total Peace table to break down entirely, and that combat operations rose late in the term.

National homicide series (Policía / DANE / Medicina Legal) are neighbouring official prints. They diverge by methodology. This driver does not pick one integer and dress it as Contribution.size. Where a 2025 DANE rate and a Policía rate disagree, say so and keep the edge on the decree.

Evidence is strongest for a signed decree, a UN humanitarian print, and a Reuters same-week wire. It is weaker for any unique first-day death coefficient in Catatumbo. It is weakest where a campaign adjective is asked to replace Decree 1117.

## Effect on welfare indicators

This driver, when it actually runs, is a first-order channel into displacement and organised-violence series.

- [People internally displaced by conflict and violence (IDMC)](/indicators/sec-conflict-violence-internal-displacement): direction higher displacement when Catatumbo empties. Horizon: days to a reporting year. Confidence: high that January 2025 was a large displacement event on UN prints; this page does not invent a unique national stock from that fortnight.
- [Global deaths from organized violence (UCDP)](/indicators/sec-global-armed-conflict-deaths): direction higher deaths when ELN–dissident and ELN–force contact resumes after a ceasefire. Horizon: same year. Confidence: medium-high for 2025 intensity; this page does not invent a UCDP integer.

An education or CPI path does not follow from this driver without a sourced channel. Missing coefficients stay missing.

The welfare sign of the driver on those indicators is negative: strengthening the ELN-security rupture increases a lower-is-better displacement stock and a lower-is-better death count. That is the opposite of treating a Total Peace brand as a unique later homicide rebate.

## Interactions and contested points

The mechanism interacts with congressional polarisation (the health-reform archive), with a completed 2026 handover, and with Venezuelan-border sanctuary claims. Reinforcement is obvious when a ceasefire pause and a Catatumbo emptying sit in the same presidency. Offsetting is the claim, common in commissioned-positive coverage, that a pension statute, an Amazon summit, or a first-left photograph rebates Decree 62. Those are different mechanisms. They can be stored. They do not cancel 24 January 2025.

The strongest competing view is that Total Peace reduced clashes while it held, so the ceasefire was a welfare gain. ACLED and Crisis Group record a paradox: some violence metrics fell in ceasefire windows while groups expanded. Store both. Do not convert a pause into a completed peace, and do not convert expansion into a unique later national homicide coefficient.

A second competing view is that Catatumbo is a Venezuelan file or a Duque leftover. Decree 62 is a Colombian presidential instrument in 2025. Maduro is a live counterpart on the border neighbourhood. He is not this driver.

Established: Law 2272; Decree 1117 and its 2024 expiry; 17 January 2025 suspension; Decree 62; UN displacement prints. Not established: a unique Catatumbo body-count from this page, or that a 2024 pension statute rebates an ELN offensive. A later successor statute with a date would be a new fact. It would not rename this driver as a progressive success.

## Dated facts

- 2025: Petro signs Decree 62 declaring conmoción interior in Catatumbo after ELN–dissident fighting. https://factrail.ai/facts/co-petro-catatumbo-2025. Sources: https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/02/1160401, https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/colombias-president-suspends-peace-talks-with-eln-rebels-2025-01-17/, https://www.suin-juriscol.gov.co/viewDocument.asp?ruta=Decretos/30054344.
- Petro signs Decree 1117 ordering a bilateral ELN ceasefire from 3 August 2023. https://factrail.ai/facts/co-petro-decreto-1117-2023. Sources: https://www.infobae.com/colombia/2023/07/06/cese-al-fuego-gustavo-petro-firmo-el-decreto-que-ordena-la-suspension-de-operaciones-militares-contra-el-eln/, https://www.bogotajuridica.gov.co/sisjur/normas/Norma1.jsp?i=143697.
- 2022: Colombia enacts Law 2272 defining Total Peace as state policy. https://factrail.ai/facts/co-petro-ley-2272-2022. Sources: https://www.crisisgroup.org/brf/latin-america-caribbean/colombia-united-states/b56-total-peace-iron-fist-colombias-risky-turn-hard-security, https://www.cancilleria.gov.co/sites/default/files/Normograma/docs/pdf/ley_2272_2022.pdf.

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/drivers/petro-security-and-eln