# Sahel jihadist insurgency (JNIM/ISGS+) ## What this driver is Sahel jihadist insurgency (JNIM/ISGS+) is one continuing armed campaign by al-Qaida-aligned Jama’at Nusrat al-[Islam](/people/nahid-islam) wal-Muslimin and the Islamic State’s Sahel/Greater Sahara franchise against civilians and states across Mali, Burkina Faso, Niger, and the Liptako-Gourma tri-border, running from JNIM’s 2017 merger through French Barkhane’s 2022 exit, MINUSMA’s 2023 drawdown, and later attacks toward Bamako. It is a mechanism, not a mood and not a junta brochure. It is not the Ukraine war. The driver is not “AES self-defence” as a substitute name and not Wagner/Africa Corps as a twin. Neighbouring mechanisms — [goita-junta-and-aes-break](/drivers/goita-junta-and-aes-break), [traore](/people/ibrahim-traore)-junta-aes, sahel-wagner-africa-corps — can move with this insurgency or against it. They do not replace it. A coup is a governance file. A contractor deployment is a mercenary file. This node is the jihadist war: raids, blockades, massacres of civilians, and competition between JNIM and Islamic State units. It applies to the central Sahel from JNIM’s 2017 coalition through S/RES/2690 (30 June 2023) terminating MINUSMA and through later JNIM operations near Bamako, including the September 2024 airport attack. It is not Boko Haram as a second driver, and it is not Somalia’s al-Shabaab. The legal neighbourhood is successive Council products on Mali and the G5 Sahel, S/RES/2690 (2023) on MINUSMA’s drawdown by 31 December 2023, and listed-entity designations of JNIM and ISGS. A junta speech that calls every raid a “foreign plot” does not change the mechanism. ## Mechanism The insurgency moves welfare through named channels. First, coalition violence. JNIM fused Ansar al-Din, AQIM’s Sahara wing, al-Mourabitoun, and Katiba Macina in 2017. Iyad Ag Ghaly and Amadou Koufa are unresolved names here. They are not minted. The coalition raids army posts and villages. Second, Islamic State competition. ISGS / Islamic State Sahel Province fights both states and JNIM, especially in Ménaka and the tri-border. UCDP records a non-state JNIM–IS conflict that intensified in 2022–23 and eased in 2024. That is a named dataset, not a unique Factrail body-count. Third, vacuum after external missions. France completed Barkhane’s Mali withdrawal in August 2022. On 30 June 2023 the Council terminated MINUSMA (S/RES/2690). Drawdown completed by 31 December 2023. Fourth, spillover. Attacks and fatalities in Burkina Faso and western Niger rose as the groups expanded south and along borders with Benin and Togo. Coastal-state spillover is an effect of this driver. Fifth, junta neighbours. Malian, Burkinabe, and Nigerien juntas cite this insurgency as the reason for coups and for AES. Those coups live on goita-junta-and-aes-break and traore-junta-aes. This page stores the jihadist campaign. It does not rebate a coup. Timing is hours for a raid and years for displacement in Liptako-Gourma. A later genuine regional ceasefire with a date would be a new fact. ## Evidence base The best evidence is Council products plus independently compiled conflict datasets, used as named sources rather than as Factrail coefficients. S/RES/2690 (2023) terminates MINUSMA (https://undocs.org/S/RES/2690(2023)). The Secretary-General’s S/2023/865 letter records JNIM and ISGS attacks in Liptako-Gourma. UCDP’s JNIM–IS non-state conflict page records the 2020–24 inter-jihadist war (https://ucdp.uu.se/nonstate/16207). Reuters recorded Barkhane’s Mali exit in August 2022 and the September 2024 Bamako airport attack the same week. This page does not invent a unique Sahel fatality total, a unique JNIM headcount, or Contribution.size from an Africa Center percentage. Where ACLED or UCDP prints a year total, quote the dataset and date. Missing integers stay missing. Evidence is strongest for a Council drawdown resolution, a UCDP conflict id, and contemporaneous reporting of a named attack. It is weaker for any unique first-raid death coefficient. It is weakest where a pan-African slogan is asked to rebate Solhan or a riverboat massacre. ## Effect on welfare indicators This driver, when it actually runs, is a first-order channel into organised-violence deaths and conflict displacement. - [Global deaths from organized violence (UCDP)](/indicators/sec-global-armed-conflict-deaths): direction higher deaths when JNIM/ISGS campaigns intensify. Horizon: same year. Confidence: high that the Sahel theatre moved the global series in 2022–24; this page does not invent a unique integer. - [People internally displaced by conflict and violence (IDMC)](/indicators/sec-conflict-violence-internal-displacement): direction higher displacement when villages are raided and roads blockaded. Horizon: days to years. Confidence: high for Liptako-Gourma as recorded by UN humanitarian products; not a Factrail census. An electricity-access or PISA path does not follow without a sourced channel. Missing coefficients stay missing. The welfare sign of the driver on those indicators is negative: strengthening the insurgency increases a lower-is-better death count and a lower-is-better displacement stock. That is the opposite of treating AES as a democratic dawn that rebates JNIM. ## Interactions and contested points The insurgency interacts with junta rule and with Wagner/Africa Corps when a raid and a contractor deployment sit in the same cercle. Reinforcement is plausible. Offsetting is the claim that Barkhane caused the war or that a junta restored security. Barkhane’s exit is dated. Junta security outcomes remain contested. They do not cancel JNIM’s 2017 merger. The strongest competing view is that this is the same mechanism as the AES junta drivers. It is not. Those pages store coups and the Liptako-Gourma Charter. This page stores the jihadist campaign those juntas failed to end. A second competing view is that this is ukraine-war or [territorial-revisionism](/drivers/territorial-revisionism). It is not. Established: JNIM as a 2017 coalition; ISGS/IS Sahel as a competing franchise; Barkhane Mali exit 2022; S/RES/2690 MINUSMA termination 2023; later JNIM pressure including the September 2024 Bamako airport attack. Not established: a unique Factrail fatality total or that AES ended the insurgency. A later implemented regional ceasefire would be a new fact. ## Dated facts - 2025: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger formally leave ECOWAS. https://factrail.ai/facts/mali-burkina-faso-niger-ecowas-withdrawal-takes-effect-2025. Sources: https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/west-africa-bloc-announces-formal-exit-three-junta-led-states-2025-01-29/, https://www.ecowas.int/press-statement-2/. - 2023: Mali, Burkina Faso and Niger create the Alliance of Sahel States. https://factrail.ai/facts/mali-burkina-faso-niger-create-alliance-of-sahel-states-2023. - 2023: Niger's military overthrows President Mohamed Bazoum. https://factrail.ai/facts/niger-military-coup-overthrows-mohamed-bazoum-2023. - 2022: France ends Operation Barkhane after withdrawing forces from Mali. https://factrail.ai/facts/france-ends-operation-barkhane-2022. - A second 2022 coup brings Ibrahim Traore to power in Burkina Faso. https://factrail.ai/facts/burkina-faso-second-coup-brings-ibrahim-traore-to-power-2022. - 2021: Wagner personnel deploy to Mali as relations with Western partners deteriorate. https://factrail.ai/facts/wagner-group-deploys-to-mali-2021. Sources: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2023/country-chapters/mali, https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/mali. - 2020: Mali's military ousts President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita. https://factrail.ai/facts/mali-military-coup-ousts-ibrahim-boubacar-keita-2020. Sources: https://www.ecowas.int/sommet-extraordinaire-des-chefs-detat-et-de-gouvernement-de-la-cedeao-sur-la-situation-sociopolitique-au-mali/?lang=fr, https://www.ecowas.int/press-release-on-the-situation-in-mali/. - 2017: Major al-Qaeda-aligned Sahel factions unite as JNIM. https://factrail.ai/facts/jnim-formed-by-sahel-jihadist-groups-2017. - 2015: Islamic State in the Greater Sahara emerges as a separate Sahel jihadist faction. https://factrail.ai/facts/islamic-state-greater-sahara-emerges-2015. - 2014: France expands its Sahel counterinsurgency through Operation Barkhane. https://factrail.ai/facts/france-launches-operation-barkhane-2014. - 2013: France launches Operation Serval against jihadist forces in Mali. https://factrail.ai/facts/france-launches-operation-serval-in-mali-2013. - Mali's 2012 crisis enables jihadist takeover of northern territory. https://factrail.ai/facts/mali-2012-coup-and-jihadist-takeover-of-north. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/drivers/sahel-jihad-insurgency