# Loeb Suetonius and Dio print the forced deaths of Gemellus and Macro after the accession

Date: 1913

## The fact

The Loeb vita and Dio 59 record that Tiberius Gemellus, joint heir in Tiberius’s will, and the prefect Macro were removed by forced suicide or execution early in the reign. The dated carriers are those editions. Palace killings without a public independent court are the judicial path.

## Context

Accession violence is normal in the received Julio-Claudian story. That does not make it a trial. Confidence is medium because the sources are later and hostile, high that Gemellus did not reign.

[Caligula](/people/caligula) is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official edition, museum, or agency page and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Suetonius, Caligula — LacusCurtius (Loeb English) (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html; LacusCurtius / University of Chicago).

## Significance

Heir-killing as printed is a [judicial-independence](/drivers/justice-judicial-independence-erosion) erosion: the household is the court.

Heir-killing as printed is a judicial-independence erosion: the household is the court.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

## People

- Caligula: https://factrail.ai/people/caligula

## Drivers

- Judicial independence erosion (court capture): https://factrail.ai/drivers/justice-judicial-independence-erosion

## Sources

- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/59*.html
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Caligula*.html

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/cal-gemellus-macro-deaths