# Gallica and BnF digitise Carolingian manuscripts as a public corpus of minuscule

Date: 1997

## The fact

From the late 1990s BnF/Gallica placed Carolingian books on public URLs. He did not scan quires.

## Context

Digital minuscule is an access path independent of Gutenberg Einhard.

Charlemagne is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official heritage, Vatican-adjacent, or annalistic edition pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Gallica — Carolingian and Einhard print (https://gallica.bnf.fr/; Bibliothèque nationale de France).

## Significance

A Gallica Carolingian scan is not a palace school of 794.

A Gallica Carolingian scan is not a palace school of 794.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

## People

- Charlemagne: https://factrail.ai/people/charlemagne

## Drivers

- Digital Learning Access: https://factrail.ai/drivers/edu-digital-learning-access

## Sources

- https://www.bl.uk/medieval-english-french-manuscripts
- https://gallica.bnf.fr/

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/ch-bnf-manuscripts