# Loeb and Perseus Catilinarians print the consul’s public defence of executing captured conspirators without a full popular trial

Date: 1920

## The fact

Loeb/Perseus In Catilinam, especially the Fourth Catilinarian as later English, prints [Cicero](/people/cicero) as consul urging the Senate to put Lentulus and others to death in 63 BCE as received chronology. The dated public instrument is that modern edition. It is not a death certificate invented here. Extra-judicial emergency killing is the harm path.

## Context

A coup plot can be real and a consul can still skip a full trial. Split the speech-against-coup improving row.

Cicero is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official library, museum, or edition pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Perseus — Cicero, In Catilinam (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019; Perseus Digital Library / Tufts).

## Significance

Printed defence of strangling captives in the Tullianum is a [judicial-independence](/drivers/justice-judicial-independence-erosion) harm with high confidence on the speeches as transmitted.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

## People

- Cicero: https://factrail.ai/people/cicero

## Drivers

- Judicial independence erosion (court capture): https://factrail.ai/drivers/justice-judicial-independence-erosion

## Sources

- https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/
- https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-catilinarians-executions