# Loeb Philippics print a public argument against one-man rule after Caesar’s death

Date: 1926

## The fact

The Philippics, as Loeb English, argue that the republic must not become [Antony](/people/mark-antony)’s monarchy. Twin of the polarisation row: this stores the anti-kingship heading.

## Context

A speech-republic is not universal suffrage. Medium confidence on later republican-rhetoric ancestry.

[Cicero](/people/cicero) is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official library, museum, or edition pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011; Perseus Digital Library / Tufts).

## Significance

Printed anti-kingship oratory is a resilience heading, not a constitution.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is [democratic-resilience](/drivers/democratic-resilience). The welfare reading used in this dossier is improving. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is democratic-resilience. The welfare reading used in this dossier is improving. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

## People

- Cicero: https://factrail.ai/people/cicero

## Drivers

- Democratic Resilience: https://factrail.ai/drivers/democratic-resilience

## Sources

- https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-roman-philosopher/
- https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-philippics-anti-kingship