# Standard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power

Date: 1920

## The fact

Britannica and Loeb Antony print Actium (31 BCE as received) as the naval defeat that closed grain-and-fleet autonomy. The dated public carrier is that modern cluster.

## Context

Do not treat [Shakespeare](/people/william-shakespeare) as primary. Coins still show the prior fleet-and-portrait machine.

[Cleopatra](/people/cleopatra) is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official museum, UNESCO, or edition pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Britannica — Cleopatra (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt; Encyclopaedia Britannica).

## Significance

A printed Actium is a supply-security harm heading, not a 1963 film still.

A printed Actium is a supply-security harm heading, not a 1963 film still.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

## People

- Cleopatra: https://factrail.ai/people/cleopatra

## Drivers

- Energy Security: https://factrail.ai/drivers/energy-security

## Sources

- https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674991132
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-actium-31-as-later