# COP15 adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency

Date: 2022

## The fact

On 19 December 2022 the 15th Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework. China held the COP15 presidency. Xi did not write every paragraph.

## Context

Huang Runqiu chaired. Canada hosted the Montreal session after Kunming. The text is multilateral. China’s presidency is the contribution stored here.

Xi’s 2020 UN biodiversity-summit speech is a neighbouring earlier instrument. Domestic national-park designations are neighbouring later Chinese statutes if separately stored.

The General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, concurrently President of the People’s Republic of China and Chairman of the Central Military Commission, can set the Politburo agenda, nominate the State Council leadership, and command the armed forces. He does not write UN General Assembly resolutions, OHCHR assessments, WHO emergency-use listings, or Hong Kong ordinances by himself.

## Evidence and sources

Convention on Biological Diversity carries the official instrument or communique. Reuters records the same dated act independently.

## Significance

The path is deforestation pressure and decarbonisation-adjacent nature policy: a completed global 30x30-style framework is a dated multilateral nature instrument under a Chinese presidency.

## What is established and what is not

Established: a 19 December 2022 COP15 adoption of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency.

Not established: that every later hectare of Chinese forest was this text, or that Xi drafted Article 30.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, a later repeal, a court that vacated the instrument, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

China held the presidency. Canada hosted the session. He did not sit as every delegate.. A later repeal, court stay, or successor order would be a different Fact with a different date. That pair identifies COP15 adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency, not a later speech about COP15 adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency.

Co-authors and later implementers named in Context remain on the file. COP15 adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency on 2022-12-19 is not a licence to treat every later Convention on Biological Diversity communique as this same act. If a later repeal, stay, or successor decree exists, it needs its own date and its own row. This dossier refuses to average COP15 adopts the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework under China’s presidency into a personality. The contribution described on this Person row is limited to Complex: COP15 parties adopted the text. China held the presidency. Canada hosted the session. He did not sit as every delegate. That limit is the alternative to treating office-holding as authorship of every later series. The National People’s Congress, the State Council, provincial governments, the People’s Liberation Army, Hong Kong’s executive, and foreign counterparties share specific files. Allegation is not a completed judgment. An OHCHR assessment is not a criminal conviction. A white paper is not a census. A UN pledge is not a delivered emissions path.

## People

- Xi Jinping: https://factrail.ai/people/xi-jinping

## Drivers

- Biodiversity Loss: https://factrail.ai/drivers/biodiversity-loss
- Tropical deforestation pressure: https://factrail.ai/drivers/env-deforestation-pressure

## Sources

- https://www.reuters.com/business/environment/cop15-nations-reach-deal-protect-nature-un-biodiversity-summit-2022-12-19/
- https://www.cbd.int/article/cop15-final-text-kunming-montreal-gbf-221222

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/cn-kunming-montreal-gbf-2022