# Loeb Polybius and Livy print the Alps crossing as received, not as a GPS track

Date: 1922

## The fact

Polybius/Livy English print an army and animals forced over the Alps as received 218 BCE. The dated carrier is that modern narrative. Displacement of an army and of Alpine peoples in the way is a forced-movement path of medium confidence on route and losses — none invented here as a unique total.

## Context

Later school-romance of the Alps is another row. This stores movement-as-war as later told.

[Hannibal](/people/hannibal) is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official heritage, Loeb, or encyclopedia pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Harvard / Loeb — Polybius, The Histories (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674996373; [Harvard University](/organizations/harvard-university) Press).

## Significance

Printed Alps crossing is not a 218 BCE ISO itinerary file.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument. Not established: a unique Factrail-original body count, or a recovered 216 BCE civil-registry file.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is [forced-displacement-scale](/drivers/forced-displacement-scale). The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is forced-displacement-scale. The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

## People

- Hannibal: https://factrail.ai/people/hannibal

## Drivers

- Forced-Displacement Scale: https://factrail.ai/drivers/forced-displacement-scale

## Sources

- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannibal-Carthaginian-general-247-183-BCE
- https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674996373

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/ha-alps-as-received