# Loeb Polybius and Livy print Zama as the received end of the Italian-African war

Date: 1923

## The fact

Later bilingual narratives print Zama (202 BCE as received) as a killing that closed the war. The dated carrier is Loeb/Perseus. Another battle-harm heading; no unique Factrail body count.

## Context

Scipio’s victory is shared. [Hannibal](/people/hannibal) is the received loser-commander. Medium confidence on numbers.

Hannibal is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official heritage, Loeb, or encyclopedia pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Perseus — Polybius (English) (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234; Perseus Digital Library / Tufts).

## Significance

Printed Zama is not a 202 BCE death certificate series.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument. Not established: a unique Factrail-original body count, or a recovered 216 BCE civil-registry file.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is [humanitarian-access](/drivers/humanitarian-access). The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is humanitarian-access. The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

## People

- Hannibal: https://factrail.ai/people/hannibal

## Drivers

- Humanitarian Access: https://factrail.ai/drivers/humanitarian-access

## Sources

- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hannibal-Carthaginian-general-247-183-BCE
- https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0234

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/ha-zama-as-later