# Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple

Date: 135

## The fact

In the 130s [Hadrian](/people/hadrian) dedicated the Temple of Venus and Roma as a back-to-back double cella on the Velia. The dated civic temple is not the Pantheon rotunda and not Maxentius’s later rebuild. Hadrian’s documented role is: He designed and dedicated a colossal double temple of Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna on the Velia. Architects and labour built; later Maxentius rebuilt after fire. Do not twin this with the Pantheon. Two temples, two sites. Later editors, printers, and excavators remain named where they appear. Hadrian's documented role is: He designed and dedicated a colossal double temple of Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna on the Velia. Architects and labour built; later Maxentius rebuilt after fire.

## Context

A quarrel story with Apollodorus, enormous podium, and unnamed labour share the file. A temple of the city is not unique modern nationalism. Later church and ruin are not 135. Named others on the file: Unnamed architects and labour, later Maxentius as rebuilder, and the emperor as designer-honorand share the fabric. The public setting is the file around 0135-01-01. Unnamed clerks, soldiers, printers, or later editors may appear without becoming this instrument. The instrument stays Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple. The setting of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple is the public file around 0135-01-01. Shared offices, unnamed crews, printers, or later editors may appear without becoming this instrument. Driver [social-cohesion](/drivers/social-cohesion) is attached because the significance names a mechanism from this act, not because a standing list needed coverage.

Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. Do not twin this with the Pantheon. Two temples, two sites. Mixed effects of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple are separate paths.

## Evidence and sources

Britannica and Livius independently identify a Hadrianic Venus-and-Roma temple distinct from later rebuilds. Official: Britannica — Hadrian, Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent: Livius — Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.livius.org/pictures/italy/rome/rome-temple-of-venus-and-roma/; Livius.org). The two URLs are different pages. Where the carrier is a later edition or a received narrative, that limit is stated rather than upgraded to an autograph. Official carrier: Britannica — Hadrian, Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent carrier: Livius — Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.livius.org/pictures/italy/rome/rome-temple-of-venus-and-roma/; Livius.org).

Official or archival record: Britannica — Hadrian, Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian; Encyclopaedia Britannica).

## Significance

Improving social-cohesion path: a public civic cult temple. Complex shared building. Welfare reading improving. The attached mechanism is A dated civic cult temple put a public Rome-and-Venus pair into the Sacred Way’s skyline. Lag to any modern indicator is not treated as zero. This path is attached because the mechanism is named from this act, not because a driver list needed coverage. The welfare reading on this path is improving.

The attached driver is social-cohesion. The welfare reading used in this dossier is improving. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself.

## What is established and what is not

Established: Hadrianic Temple of Venus and Roma. Not established: that the Maxentian brick is his act. Established: a sourced public record of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple under 0135-01-01. Established: a sourced public record of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple under 0135-01-01.

Shared responsibility is part of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple. Naming Hadrian does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from 0135-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them.

If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts.

## People

- Hadrian: https://factrail.ai/people/hadrian

## Drivers

- Social Cohesion: https://factrail.ai/drivers/social-cohesion

## Sources

- https://www.livius.org/pictures/italy/rome/rome-temple-of-venus-and-roma/
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/had-venus-roma-135