# Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated

Date: 49 BC

## The fact

In 49 BCE Caesar crossed the Rubicon and opened civil war as later dated. The proverb is colour. The crossing is the instrument. Julius Caesar's documented role is: He brought a legion into Italy against senatorial command. The alea-iacta saying is later colour.

## Context

Pompey and the Senate are the counterparts. Sharing the war with the Thirteenth Legion is required. The setting of Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated is the public file around -0049-01-01. Shared offices, unnamed crews, printers, or later editors may appear without becoming this instrument. Contribution type is direct. Driver [political-polarization](/drivers/political-polarization) is attached because the significance names a mechanism from this act, not because a standing list needed coverage.

Shared responsibility is part of Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated. Naming Julius Caesar does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from -0049-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them.

## Evidence and sources

Official locator: Britannica — Rubicon at https://www.britannica.com/place/Rubicon (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent locator: Britannica — Julius Caesar, civil war at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler (Encyclopaedia Britannica). Official carrier: Britannica — Rubicon (https://www.britannica.com/place/Rubicon; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent carrier: Britannica — Julius Caesar, civil war (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler; Encyclopaedia Britannica).

Official or archival record: Britannica — Rubicon (https://www.britannica.com/place/Rubicon; Encyclopaedia Britannica).

## Significance

Worsening path from Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated on -0049-01-01. Opening civil war is a polarisation path of high weight. The welfare reading on this path is worsening.

## What is established and what is not

Established: a sourced public record of Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated under -0049-01-01 for Julius Caesar. Established: a sourced public record of Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated under -0049-01-01.

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts.

If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. Year-level January 49. Do not treat a later proverb as a tape. Mixed effects of Caesar crosses the Rubicon in 49 BCE and opens civil war as later dated are separate paths.

The contribution type is direct. The attached driver is political-polarization. The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself.

## People

- Julius Caesar: https://factrail.ai/people/julius-caesar

## Drivers

- Political Polarization: https://factrail.ai/drivers/political-polarization

## Sources

- https://www.britannica.com/place/Rubicon
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-rubicon-49