# The tenth edition of Systema Naturae ranks human varieties with moral and humoral traits Date: 1758 ## The fact In 1758 [Carl Linnaeus](/people/carl-linnaeus)’s tenth edition of Systema Naturae expanded Homo into pages that ranked varieties — americanus, europaeus, asiaticus, afer, plus ferus and monstrosus — with colour, humoral temperament, clothing, and form of government, placing desirable traits on the European line and the least favoured on the African. Later biological racists reused them; the row does not wait for that reuse to assign a sign. He did not use the later word race as a species split: one Homo sapiens, ranked varieties. Ranking is still a rights harm. The same edition’s binomial naturalism is the improving split, not copied here as a second success. ## Context 1735 had short colour-continent lines. 1758 added morals, government, and five pages. Climate and custom, not a later gene, were his stated causes. Uppsala historians stress he was not a nineteenth-century biological racist; they also say the list is hierarchical and the African always last. Printers shared the volume. Sharing does not erase the author of the table. Blumenbach and later skull sciences are other people’s Facts. Shared responsibility is part of The tenth edition of Systema Naturae ranks human varieties with moral and humoral traits. Naming Carl Linnaeus does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from 1758-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them. ## Evidence and sources Linnean Society at https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race transcribes the 1758 attributes and states the edition’s role in scientific racism’s bibliography. Uppsala University at https://www.uu.se/en/news/2021/2021-05-07-linnaeus-complicated-relationship-with-racism independently refuses both innocence and a unique-founder cult. Official or archival record: Linnean Society — Linnaeus and race (https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race; The Linnean Society of London). ## Significance Rights path of mid weight: a European classifier’s own ranked human table. High confidence on the 1758 text; later political uses are reception, not a reason to drop the row. ## What is established and what is not Established: the 1758 Homo pages rank varieties with moralised traits in Linnaeus’s name. Not established: that he coined later legal race statutes, or a unique death-count from the table. Contribution is recorded as He wrote the Homo pages of 1758. Printers issued them; later racists reused them. This is his edition, not only later misuse. The impact note is A printed hierarchy of human varieties with europaeus as inventive and afer as last is a minority-rights harm path in his own lifetime book. The dated heading stays The tenth edition of Systema Naturae ranks human varieties with moral and humoral traits on 1758-01-01, not a later statue, UNESCO listing, or school film. Printers, unnamed clerks, and later editors may appear in the same file without becoming this instrument. Later competitions, monuments, and adaptations are refused as extra lifetime acts of this person on this date. Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. 1758 ranks are his edition, not only later misuse, and not ICZN. Mixed effects of The tenth edition of Systema Naturae ranks human varieties with moral and humoral traits are separate paths. The contribution type is direct. The attached driver is [protection-of-minority-rights](/drivers/protection-of-minority-rights). The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. ## People - Carl Linnaeus: https://factrail.ai/people/carl-linnaeus ## Drivers - Protection of Minority Rights: https://factrail.ai/drivers/protection-of-minority-rights ## Sources - https://www.uu.se/en/news/2021/2021-05-07-linnaeus-complicated-relationship-with-racism - https://www.linnean.org/learning/who-was-linnaeus/linnaeus-and-race ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/linnaeus-races-1758