# Printed Dio records emergency levies including gladiators during the northern wars and plague

Date: 1927

## The fact

Dio’s printed narrative records that plague and war forced unusual levies, including gladiators and other normally excluded bodies, into the army.

## Context

An emergency levy can be survival and can be coercion of unfree entertainers. Confidence is medium.

[Marcus Aurelius](/people/marcus-aurelius) is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

## Evidence and sources

Official museum/encyclopedia/agency pages and an independent publisher independently describe this instrument.

Official or archival record: Cassius Dio, Roman History — public English (https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html; University of Chicago / LacusCurtius).

## Significance

A levy of gladiators is not a public-health success.

## What is established and what is not

Established as a dated public record of this instrument.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is [humanitarian-access](/drivers/humanitarian-access). The welfare reading used in this dossier is worsening. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

## People

- Marcus Aurelius: https://factrail.ai/people/marcus-aurelius

## Drivers

- Humanitarian Access: https://factrail.ai/drivers/humanitarian-access

## Sources

- https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108939928
- https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/ma-gladiatorial-levy-dio