# Italy invades Greece on 28 October 1940 and fights losing campaigns in North Africa and the Balkans

Date: 1940

## The fact

On 28 October 1940 [Mussolini](/people/benito-mussolini) invaded Greece from Albania; the offensive failed and pulled German intervention. North African and Yugoslav/Greek occupation followed, with reprisals, famine in occupied Greece, and displacement.

It is one event.

## Context

Badoglio and front commanders ran operations. Occupation crimes in the Balkans are documented and are not cancelled by later 1943 collapse. This is his war.

Benito Mussolini’s documented role is bounded by other offices and collaborators named in the sources below. Sharing a field with them is not a reason to drop a documented act, and it is not a reason to assign later consequences done in the name after death.

Named person as heading of the dated public instrument. Later editors, museums, printers, or offices share publication. Complex where later carriers date the row.

## Evidence and sources

Cambridge WWII volumes and Britannica independently record the Greek invasion and Balkan/African campaigns.

Official or archival record: Cambridge History of the Second World War (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/; Cambridge University Press).

## Significance

Failed wars of choice with occupation reprisals are displacement and humanitarian-harm paths.

Occupation famine is not a ‘logistics problem’ without an occupier.

Failed wars of choice with occupation reprisals are displacement and humanitarian-harm paths.

## What is established and what is not

Established: 28 October 1940 Greek invasion and subsequent occupation theatres.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

Established here: a sourced, dated public instrument with a named contribution by Benito Mussolini.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date, signatory, or non-occurrence; a demonstrated forgery; or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of other causes.

Contribution type is direct. They are not a public rating.

## People

- Benito Mussolini: https://factrail.ai/people/benito-mussolini

## Drivers

- Forced-Displacement Scale: https://factrail.ai/drivers/forced-displacement-scale

## Sources

- https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-history-of-the-second-world-war/
- https://www.britannica.com/biography/Benito-Mussolini

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/mu-greece-balkans-africa