# Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea Date: 436 ## The fact About the mid-430s [Pericles](/people/pericles) is reported to have led a Black Sea cruise, showing force and planting influence on the grain route. The dated naval demonstration is not Amphipolis and not the later Peloponnesian war. Pericles’s documented role is: Later Plutarch reports a Pontic expedition with ships and settlers. The grain-and-colony file is Athenian; he commanded a cruise; unique itinerary is thin. Do not twin this with Amphipolis. A Pontic cruise is not a Strymon colony. Later editors, printers, and excavators remain named where they appear. Pericles's documented role is: Later Plutarch reports a Pontic expedition with ships and settlers. The grain-and-colony file is Athenian; he commanded a cruise; unique itinerary is thin. ## Context Sinope, unnamed ships, and later [Plutarch](/people/plutarch) already structure the file. A cruise is not unique authorship of every later Bosporan kingdom. Medium confidence is stated. Named others on the file: Unnamed crews, Pontic cities as audiences, and later Plutarch as carrier share the heading. The public setting is the file around -0436-01-01. Unnamed clerks, soldiers, printers, or later editors may appear without becoming this instrument. The instrument stays Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea. The setting of Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea is the public file around -0436-01-01. Shared offices, unnamed crews, printers, or later editors may appear without becoming this instrument. Driver [industrial-policy-activism](/drivers/industrial-policy-activism) is attached because the significance names a mechanism from this act, not because a standing list needed coverage. ## Evidence and sources Britannica independently notes a Periclean Pontic expedition as later reported. Official: Britannica — Pericles, Black Sea expedition (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pericles-Athenian-statesman; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent: Plutarch — Pericles, Pontic voyage as later life (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plutarch; Encyclopaedia Britannica). The two URLs are different pages. Where the carrier is a later edition or a received narrative, that limit is stated rather than upgraded to an autograph. Official carrier: Britannica — Pericles, Black Sea expedition (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pericles-Athenian-statesman; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent carrier: Plutarch — Pericles, Pontic voyage as later life (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plutarch; Encyclopaedia Britannica). Official or archival record: Britannica — Pericles, Black Sea expedition (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pericles-Athenian-statesman; Encyclopaedia Britannica). ## Significance Improving industrial-policy path: a grain-route naval demonstration. Medium confidence on unique itinerary. Welfare reading improving. The attached mechanism is A dated naval demonstration put a public grain-route claim into the Euxine as an industrial-policy heading. Lag to any modern indicator is not treated as zero. This path is attached because the mechanism is named from this act, not because a driver list needed coverage. The welfare reading on this path is improving. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. ## What is established and what is not Established: a received Periclean Pontic cruise heading. Not established: a unique port-by-port log. Established: a sourced public record of Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea under -0436-01-01. Established: a sourced public record of Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea under -0436-01-01. Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. Do not twin this with Amphipolis. A Pontic cruise is not a Strymon colony. Mixed effects of Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea are separate paths. Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts. The attached driver is industrial-policy-activism. The welfare reading used in this dossier is improving. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Shared responsibility is part of Pericles leads a show-of-force cruise into the Black Sea. Naming Pericles does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from -0436-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them. ## People - Pericles: https://factrail.ai/people/pericles ## Drivers - Industrial-Policy Activism: https://factrail.ai/drivers/industrial-policy-activism ## Sources - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Plutarch - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Pericles-Athenian-statesman ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/per-pontic-cruise-436