# Calumny of Apelles is completed in the mid-1490s as an allegory of unjust accusation, later in the Uffizi Date: 1495 ## The fact Uffizi and Britannica independently place Calumny in the 1490s oeuvre. It is one event. ## Context Shared Alberti/humanist source remains. Savonarolan Florence is context, not tape of the commission. [Sandro Botticelli](/people/sandro-botticelli)’s documented role is bounded by other offices and collaborators named in the sources below. Sharing a field with them is not a reason to drop a documented act, and it is not a reason to assign later consequences done in the name after death. Conventional dating c. 1494–97; Vasari says gift to Antonio Segni. Alberti’s description of Apelles’ allegory is the literary source. Florence after 1494 is a climate of faction and denunciation — neighbouring context, not proven commission politics. Named person as heading of the dated public instrument. Later editors, museums, printers, or offices share publication. Complex where later carriers are the surviving public file. ## Evidence and sources Uffizi — Botticelli, Calumny of Apelles and Britannica — Sandro Botticelli independently describe this instrument. Official or archival record: Uffizi — Botticelli, Calumny of Apelles (https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/calumny; Gallerie degli Uffizi). ## Significance ## What is established and what is not Established as a sourced public record of this instrument at the date assigned here. What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions. The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit. Established here: a sourced, dated public instrument with a named contribution by Sandro Botticelli. They are not a public rating. Sandro Botticelli did not file a later UNESCO form, a later Loeb colophon, or a later museum label as a personal act. A portrait or conventional bust is not this mechanism. Allegation, reconstruction, and established occurrence stay distinct. Do not invent a named defendant. Split from Pazzi pittura. Keep the carrier date of later English distinct from the received historical year stored in the date field. Do not read a later English edition as a recovered autograph of Sandro Botticelli. ## People - Sandro Botticelli: https://factrail.ai/people/sandro-botticelli ## Drivers - Judicial independence erosion (court capture): https://factrail.ai/drivers/justice-judicial-independence-erosion ## Sources - https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/calumny - https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-calumny-apelles