# EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) Enters Into Force and Designates Gatekeepers

Date: 2023

The DMA entered into force on 1 November 2022 and became applicable on 2 May 2023; in September 2023 the European Commission designated six gatekeepers - Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft - imposing fairness/interoperability obligations on their core platform services, with fines up to 10% (20% for repeat) of worldwide turnover.

## Drivers

- Digital-Rights and Platform-Power Regulation: https://factrail.ai/drivers/tech-digital-rights-regulation

## Sources

_Sources are listed on the canonical page._

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/tech-eu-digital-markets-act