# Marmaray undersea rail opens between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul

Date: 2013

## The fact

On 29 October 2013 the Marmaray rail tunnel under the Bosphorus opened. [Erdoğan](/people/recep-tayyip-erdogan), then prime minister, inaugurated it.

## Context

The project ran through multiple governments and Japanese financing. Opening day was a completed transport instrument. Contractors built; the ministry operated; he cut the ribbon as PM.

Istanbul Airport 2018 is a different project and date.

The president of Turkey is head of state and, since the 2017 executive-presidency reform, head of government. The Grand [National Assembly](/organizations/national-assembly) writes statutes; the Official Gazette records decrees; courts, governors, and the armed forces implement. He does not write a European Council conclusion, an IMF programme, or a UN General Assembly resolution.

## Evidence and sources

Ministry of Transport of Turkey carries the official instrument or communique. Reuters records the same dated act independently.

## Significance

The path is household access and urban infrastructure: a completed undersea commuter rail is a dated mobility instrument.

## What is established and what is not

Established: a 29 October 2013 public opening of Marmaray, independently reported.

Not established: a unique later PM2.5 coefficient from that hour, or that he designed the tunnel.

What would change the picture: a contradictory original with a different date or name, a later repeal, a court that vacated the instrument, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions.

The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit.

Contractors built. The transport ministry operates.. A later repeal, court stay, or successor order would be a different Fact with a different date. That pair identifies Marmaray undersea rail opens between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul, not a later speech about Marmaray undersea rail opens between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul.

Co-authors and later implementers named in Context remain on the file. Marmaray undersea rail opens between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul on 2013-10-29 is not a licence to treat every later Ministry of Transport of Turkey communique as this same act. If a later repeal, stay, or successor decree exists, it needs its own date and its own row. This dossier refuses to average Marmaray undersea rail opens between the European and Asian sides of Istanbul into a personality. The contribution described on this Person row is limited to He inaugurated and politically owned the opening as prime minister. Contractors built. The transport ministry operates. That limit is the alternative to treating office-holding as authorship of every later series. The Grand National Assembly, the Official Gazette, governors, courts, and foreign counterparties share specific files. Allegation is not a completed judgment. A detention is not a conviction.

## People

- Recep Tayyip Erdoğan: https://factrail.ai/people/recep-tayyip-erdogan

## Drivers

- Cost-of-Living Pressure: https://factrail.ai/drivers/econ-cost-of-living-pressure

## Sources

- https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-tunnel-idUSBRE99S0C620131029
- https://www.uab.gov.tr/

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/tr-marmaray-2013