# Josiah Nott and George Gliddon publish Types of Mankind Date: 1854 ## The fact In 1854 Josiah Nott and George Gliddon published Types of Mankind, a polygenist racial-science volume illustrated as medical anthropology. The book is a completed printing. Hippocratic Airs Waters Places had discussed climate and peoples; nineteenth-century race science reused climatic medicine as hierarchy. That reuse is the worsening reception, not a claim that the Greek treatise is identical to 1854 polygenism. ## Context American slavery’s defenders wanted biology. Medical ethnography supplied plates and authority. Loeb’s later English Airs Waters Places would again make the Greek climatic chapters easy to quote. The 1854 book is the U.S. instrument. Colonial medicine elsewhere is other rows. [Hippocrates](/people/hippocrates) of Cos is not the sole author of every Greek medical treatise later copied under his name, and he is not the signer of every later oath or code that quoted him. Shared work with unnamed Coan practitioners, Alexandrian compilers, Galen, Latin printers, medical faculties, and twentieth-century medical associations does not erase the Cos identity Plato used, and it does not make a fifth-century physician the author of the 1948 Declaration of Geneva. ## Evidence and sources Internet Archive holds the 1854 scan. NLM’s race-and-medicine exhibitions independently frame the medicalisation of race. They do not treat Hippocrates as an 1854 co-author. Official or archival record: Nott and Gliddon, Types of Mankind (1854) scan (https://archive.org/details/typesofmankindo00nott; Internet Archive / historical printed book). ## Significance Worsening rights path via medicalised race. Medium confidence on unique causal weight, high on the publication. Ancient climatic observation and modern scientific racism must be chained with dates, not merged into one insult. A printed corpus does not vaccinate a child. An oath does not staff a clinic. ## What is established and what is not Established: Types of Mankind appeared in 1854 as racial-science. Not established: that Hippocrates held Nott’s polygenism. What would change the picture: a contradictory autograph, a securely dated Coan inscription naming a different author, or a measured series that can be argued, with lag and alternatives, as a consequence of this instrument rather than of later institutions acting in his name. The documentary trail can name an office, printer, code, trial, or treatise heading; it cannot name a complete Coan patient register. Confidence belongs on the impact path. Estimates of later harm from humoral treatment, where historians publish them, are attributed to those historians, not invented here. A Cos vita, a medieval oath manuscript, a Venetian folio, and a twentieth-century medical-association code are different instruments even when they share a heading. Hippocrates’ contribution, where it exists, is the name and the later use of treatises grouped under that name, not a modern ministry signature. Sharing labour with printers, editors, prosecutors, or assemblies is not a reason to drop the row and not a reason to treat the row as a clinical trial. Readers who want a birth certificate, a patient register, or a unique coefficient onto a modern indicator will not find those things in this instrument, and the page should not pretend otherwise. The date is the date of this instrument, not a licence to back-date every later harm or benefit to Cos in the fifth century BCE. If a number of deaths, doses, or pupils is not in the official or independent record named above, it is not supplied here. ## People - Hippocrates: https://factrail.ai/people/hippocrates ## Drivers - Protection of Minority Rights: https://factrail.ai/drivers/protection-of-minority-rights ## Sources - https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/aframskin/index.html - https://archive.org/details/typesofmankindo00nott ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/facts/us-nott-types-of-mankind-1854