# Cicero The first fact about Cicero in a public catalog is a slave household and an emergency execution heading, not a marble mouth. Loeb Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710 and Perseus https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022) print purchase, illness, and labour of enslaved persons, including Tiro. The Cambridge Companion at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ treats that household as ordinary senatorial fact. Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero does not make him an abolitionist. Stanford at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/ frames the philosophy beside the career. Perseus Catilinarians at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019 print a consul urging death for captives in the received year 63 BCE. Philippics at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011 are a polarising war on [Antony](/people/mark-antony) and also an anti-kingship heading — split those rows. Pro Cluentio at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014 is paid court fog. The 43 BCE killing is later Loeb and encyclopedia narration, not a Formiae autopsy. School Loebs (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674993587) made his Latin a credential gate. The offsets are also URLs. De officiis at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047 and Gutenberg https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47001 print duties of office. Pro Archia at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0015 defends a poet’s civic standing. Capitoline presentation at https://www.museicapitolini.org/en and UNESCO Rome at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/ make landscape and bust public. LacusCurtius at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/home.html and IEP at https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/ are further access. Gutenberg orations at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2940 spread both the ugly and the useful speeches. What the score must not say: that he was a democrat in a modern franchise sense; that Tiro’s manumission deletes the property relation; that 43 is a verified roadside GPS file; that a 1920 Loeb is 63 BCE. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on Loeb/Perseus texts and museum presentation, medium on unique civil-war coefficients, low on Forum epidemiology. Related people are Atticus, Tiro, Catiline as opponent, Antony as Philippics target, Caesar, Octavian, and later editors. 1912 Loeb is not 63. 1980 UNESCO is not a senate consultum. The useful question is which later public pages still move justice, unfree labour, and speech-republic headings under his name. Keep Catilinarians, letters, Philippics, and UNESCO on separate dates. Cicero is scored from dated instruments, not from a later museum caption or a later encyclopedia heading. Shared work remains named. Cicero is scored from dated public instruments, not from a later museum caption. Shared work with named collaborators, later editors, and institutions remains named. Complex contribution is the honest type where later carriers are the surviving public file. Day-precision is not invented where the named records are year-level. 1912-01-01 (cost, driver `protection-of-minority-rights`): Loeb Letters to Atticus print a household that buys, trains, and discusses enslaved persons as property — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/). 1912-06-01 (cost, driver `income-inequality`): The same letter corpus prints wealth in human property as a senatorial income form — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero). 1927-01-01 (cost, driver `institutional-corruption`): Loeb Pro Cluentio prints a paid defence in a poisoned-kin murder maze as public court craft — Perseus — Cicero, Pro Cluentio (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/). 1913-01-01 (cost, driver `democratic-resilience`): Loeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes — Perseus — Cicero, De officiis (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/). 1926-01-01 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): Loeb Philippics print a campaign of public hatred against Antony that feeds civil war — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero). 1920-06-01 (cost, driver `forced-displacement-scale`): Loeb lives print the 58 BCE Clodius-driven exile as a forced absence from Rome — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero). 1912-09-01 (cost, driver `personal-data-protection`): Loeb Letters to Atticus publish third parties’ money, marriages, and fears as a public file — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/). 1912-03-01 (cost, driver `labour-market-tightness`): Loeb letters treat enslaved scribes and estate workers as the labour market of a senatorial house — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710); Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/). 1921-01-01 (cost, driver `institutional-corruption`): Loeb letters from Cilicia print a governor’s take and self-praise for relative restraint — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero). 1926-06-01 (cost, driver `humanitarian-access`): Loeb Philippics and later lives print Italian civil war as the landscape of his last speeches — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/). 1910-01-01 (cost, driver `income-inequality`): Twentieth-century school Loebs make Ciceronian Latin a gate for elite education — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Orations (Catilinarians) (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674993587); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/). 1912-11-01 (cost, driver `health-system-capacity`): Loeb letters print household illness, including Tiro’s, as managed property-health — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero). 1987-01-01 (cost, driver `infectious-disease-transmission`): Modern site interpretation of the Forum treats late-Republican assemblies as crowding facts — UNESCO — Historic Centre of Rome (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/); Musei Capitolini — Palazzo Nuovo Cicero bust (https://www.museicapitolini.org/en). 1559-01-01 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): Early modern princely schools print Cicero as a manual of elite persuasion — The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero — public-domain English (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2940); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/). 1913-06-01 (offset, driver `social-cohesion`): Loeb De officiis prints a public ethics of office, promise-keeping, and limits on plunder — Perseus — Cicero, De officiis (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047); De Officiis — public-domain English (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47001). 1926-03-01 (offset, driver `democratic-resilience`): Loeb Philippics print a public argument against one-man rule after Caesar’s death — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011); Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/). 1980-01-01 (offset, driver `humanitarian-access`): UNESCO lists the Historic Centre of Rome, including the Forum landscape of the speeches — UNESCO — Historic Centre of Rome (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/); Musei Capitolini — Palazzo Nuovo Cicero bust (https://www.museicapitolini.org/en). 1920-03-01 (offset, driver `democratic-resilience`): Loeb First Catilinarian prints a public warning against an armed conspiracy as civic speec ## Dated facts - 2002: The Stanford Encyclopedia publishes a citable public entry on Cicero. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-sep-entry. Sources: https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-roman-philosopher/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/. - 1999: LacusCurtius places public English-Latin Cicero on a stable scholarly URL. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-lacuscurtius-public. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/home.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero. - 1987: Perseus publishes public Catilinarians, Philippics, and letters as searchable text. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-perseus-public. Sources: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019. - 1987: Modern site interpretation of the Forum treats late-Republican assemblies as crowding facts. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-infectious-urban-crowd-as-later. Sources: https://www.museicapitolini.org/en, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/. - 1980: Untitled fact. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-energy-forum-later-grid. Sources: https://www.museicapitolini.org/en, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/. - 1980: UNESCO lists the Historic Centre of Rome, including the Forum landscape of the speeches. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-unesco-rome-1980. Sources: https://www.museicapitolini.org/en, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/. - 1950: Musei Capitolini present the Palazzo Nuovo bust as a public Cicero portrait type. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-capitoline-bust. Sources: https://www.museicapitolini.org/en, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection. - 1928: Modern editions print the surviving De re publica, including the Dream of Scipio, as a public republican myth. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-de-re-publica-later. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/home.html, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/. - 1927: Loeb Pro Cluentio prints a paid defence in a poisoned-kin murder maze as public court craft. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-pro-cluentio-advocacy. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014, https://doi.org/10.1017/cco9781139048750. - 1926: Loeb Philippics and later lives print Italian civil war as the landscape of his last speeches. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-humanitarian-civil-war-costs. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011, https://doi.org/10.1017/cco9781139048750. - 1926: Loeb Philippics print a public argument against one-man rule after Caesar’s death. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-philippics-anti-kingship. Sources: https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-roman-philosopher/, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011. - 1926: Loeb Philippics print a campaign of public hatred against Antony that feeds civil war. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-philippics-civil-war-polarisation. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/cicero