# Cleopatra The first fact about Cleopatra in a public catalog is a coin, not a close-up. British Museum collection pages at https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection publish Ptolemaic issues with her legend; the Met Heilbrunn Ptolemaic essay at https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ptol/hd_ptol.htm and Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt independently treat mint and court as the official machine. Berlin’s Altes Museum at https://www.smb.museum/en/museums-institutions/altes-museum/home/ presents a marble type used as this page’s avatar — a later portrait type, not a photograph from life. Loeb Plutarch Antony at https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674991132 and Perseus at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007, with Gutenberg English at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14114, print civil war, Donations of Alexandria as received, Actium 31 BCE as received, 30 BCE death as received, and Caesarion’s killing as later told. Do not invent body counts. Sibling-marriage as dynastic practice is the museum-handbook account (Cambridge Hellenistic world at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-the-hellenistic-world/). Orientalist plates on Gallica at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ and the 1963 film as LoC publicity at https://www.loc.gov/item/2011685082/ are reception. Folger’s Antony and Cleopatra at https://www.folger.edu/explore/shakespeares-works/antony-and-cleopatra/ is 1623, not 30 BCE. BFI context at https://www.bfi.org.uk/ does not make Fox a primary. The offsets are dated access and capacity. Coins and mint catalogues are official face and industry. Bilingual administration and granaries are handbook capacity. UNESCO tentative Alexandria at https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1827/ is conservation-access. Grain as Mediterranean supply is a food-energy heading beside Actium’s loss. What the score must not say: that Shakespeare knew the mint; that 1963 is evidence of an asp; that a queen was a democrat; that BM accession dates are her birthday. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on coins and museum presentation, medium on Plutarch’s scenes, low on Hollywood and on epidemiology. Related people are Ptolemy XII, Caesar, Antony, Octavian, Caesarion, Plutarch as later narrator, Shakespeare as later playwright. 1897 BM catalogue is not 40 BCE. 1623 is a Folio. 1963 is a studio. The useful question is which later public objects still move extraction, reception, and official face under her name. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. Keep coins, Plutarch, Folio, and 1963 on separate dates. ## Dated facts - 2002: UNESCO’s tentative listing of historic Alexandria is a later conservation-access instrument for her city’s fabric. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-unesco-alexandria-tentative. Sources: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1827/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt. - 2002: Modern Alexandria heritage interpretation treats the ancient city as a crowding-and-port disease landscape. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-infectious-city-crowd. Sources: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1827/, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ptol/hd_ptol.htm. - 2000: The Met Heilbrunn Ptolemaic essay puts court, coin, and temple in public museum English. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-met-ptolemaic-essay. Sources: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/ptol/hd_ptol.htm, https://www.britishmuseum.org/collection. - 1987: Perseus publishes a public English-Greek Antony, making the received life searchable. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-perseus-antony. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007. - The 1963 Fox Cleopatra becomes a Hollywood publicity instrument, not a primary source. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-1963-film-reception. Sources: https://www.bfi.org.uk/, https://www.loc.gov/item/2011685082/. - 1921: Later accounts print the end of Ptolemaic courts as replacement by Roman provincial justice. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-justice-roman-annexation-court. Sources: https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol0521828791, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt. - 1921: Later lives print Octavian’s annexation as the end of a court and the scattering of a household. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-annexation-as-displacement. Sources: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674991132, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt. - 1921: Later lives print the killing of Caesarion after 30 BCE as Octavian’s act in her dynastic file. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-caesarion-killing-as-later. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007. - 1921: Later lives print Roman diplomatic and naval pressure as a sanctions-like squeeze on the court. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-sanctions-roman-pressure. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007. - 1921: Later Plutarch and encyclopedia accounts print the Donations of Alexandria as a public territorial claim. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-donations-alexandria-as-received. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2008.01.0007. - 1921: Later accounts print her stand with Antony as a failed check on Octavian’s one-man outcome. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-democratic-resilience-limit. Sources: https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674991132, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt. - 1921: Later Plutarch-in-English and encyclopedia lives print her 30 BCE death in Alexandria as received. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-death-30-as-received. Sources: https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/14114, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/cleopatra