# Giordano Bruno The first fact about Bruno a welfare reading must not botch is the death’s legal type. On 17 February 1600 he was burned at Campo de’ Fiori after a Roman Holy Office process (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/; https://www.comune.roma.it/). He is the person killed, not the officer who lit the fire. The process was not a heliocentrism-only exam. Venetian denunciation already mixed innumerable worlds with theology of God, Christ, and manners (https://www.archiviodistatovenezia.beniculturali.it/). In 1599 eight propositions — the list itself lost — were put to him by Bellarmine’s labour; he refused to recant (https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html). On 20 January 1600 books went to the Index as the congregation condemned the man. Catholic Encyclopedia’s hostile frame is an independent check, not a rubber stamp (https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03016a.htm). 1576 flight from Naples displaced a friar (https://www.archiviodistatonapoli.it/). Geneva 1579 and Oxford 1583 and Helmstedt 1589 polarised confessional universities (https://www.ox.ac.uk/; https://www.uni-halle.de/en/). Hermetic seals from 1582 mixed pedagogy with rite (https://data.bnf.fr/en/11894221/giordano_bruno/). Faculties treated him as a man without a corporation. Castelnau’s 1585 recall ended the English harbour (https://www.bl.uk/). In 1591 he accepted Mocenigo and walked into reach. Closed German rooms are labour harm. None of that converts 1600 into ‘died for Copernicus’. The offsets are documents. 1565 Dominican entry is a course (https://www.unina.it/en/home). De umbris 1582 is a printed mnemonic school. Toulouse and Paris and Wittenberg are rooms. La cena de le ceneri, De la causa, and De l’infinito (https://archive.org/details/theashwednesdays00brunuoft; https://archive.org/details/oninfiniteuniver00brun) are distinct 1584 titles: supper cosmology, metaphysics of the one, innumerable worlds — education and data, not a pyre. Spaccio and Eroici furori gather readers. Sidney and Greville are a speech-harbour. De immenso 1591 is a last Latin teaching object. Cambridge’s companion keeps the titles from collapsing (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-giordano-bruno/). What the score must not say: that he was burned solely for heliocentrism; that he discovered exoplanets; that he staffed the Inquisition; that a Campo statue is 1600; that Galileo’s file is this file; that Cena, Causa, and Infinito are one opus twin. Complex contribution is honest: he wrote propositions a court later called heresy; the court killed. Confidence is high on 1584 titles, 23 May 1592, 17 February 1600; medium on exact Helmstedt wording and on the lost eight propositions’ full text. Related people are Mocenigo, Bellarmine, Dee, Sidney, Castelnau, Campanella, Cusanus, Copernicus as influence not colleague, Elizabeth I as sovereign of the print-harbour, Greville. 1584 Infinito is not 1600. 1592 is not 1599. 1599 is not 17 February. If a 1592 charge-sheet were Copernicus-only, the arrest row would change. The locators do not show that thin sheet. Britannica remains a narrative check (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno). Gutenberg’s author page and BnF data keep the printed objects locatable (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/2547; https://data.bnf.fr/en/11894221/giordano_bruno/). Responsibility language stays boring: Castelnau housed, Mocenigo denounced, Bellarmine listed, a congregation banned, a city saw smoke. If a 1592 sheet were Copernicus alone, the arrest row would already have said so. It lists a bundle. If a 1600 fire were a later statue, the humanitarian row would have merged them. It did not. ## Dated facts - 1600: Bruno is burned at Campo de’ Fiori as an obstinate heretic. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-execution-1600. Sources: https://www.comune.roma.it/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. - 1600: The Holy Office orders Bruno’s works onto the Index as he is condemned. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-index-1600. Sources: https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03016a.htm, https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html. - 1599: Bruno refuses to recant Bellarmine’s eight propositions. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-refuse-recant-1599. Sources: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/, https://www.vatican.va/content/vatican/en.html. - 1593: Venice extradites Bruno to the Roman Inquisition. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-rome-transfer-1593. Sources: https://www.archiviodistatovenezia.beniculturali.it/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. - 1592: The Venetian Inquisition arrests Bruno on Mocenigo’s denunciation. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-venice-arrest-1592. Sources: https://www.archiviodistatovenezia.beniculturali.it/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. - 1591: Bruno accepts Mocenigo’s invitation and returns to Italy. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-return-italy-1591. Sources: https://www.archiviodistatovenezia.beniculturali.it/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. - 1591: Bruno publishes De innumerabilibus, immenso et infigurabili. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-de-immenso-1591. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno, https://data.bnf.fr/en/11894221/giordano_bruno/. - 1590: Bruno works the Frankfurt print fair as a livelihood. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-frankfurt-print-1590. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno, https://data.bnf.fr/en/11894221/giordano_bruno/. - 1589: Bruno’s Helmstedt stay ends in conflict with Lutheran authorities. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-helmstedt-1589. Sources: https://www.uni-halle.de/en/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. - 1588: University conflicts close teaching posts to Bruno. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-closed-posts. Sources: https://www.uni-halle.de/en/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno. - 1588: Bruno presents work at Rudolph II’s Prague. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-prague-1588. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Giordano-Bruno, https://data.bnf.fr/en/11894221/giordano_bruno/. - 1586: Bruno teaches at Wittenberg. https://factrail.ai/facts/br-wittenberg-1586. Sources: https://www.uni-halle.de/en/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bruno/. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/giordano-bruno