# Julius Caesar

## The offices he actually held

Caesar is a consul who became a perpetual dictator. Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler, Livius at https://www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/, Gallic Wars at https://www.britannica.com/event/Gallic-Wars, Rubicon at https://www.britannica.com/event/Rubicon-river-ancient-Rome, Pharsalus at https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Pharsalus, Alesia at https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Alesia, and Julian calendar at https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar are independent. Perseus BG at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Caes.+Gal. and Civil War at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Caes.+Civ. are later English of his publicity. [Plutarch](/people/plutarch) at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Caes. and Suetonius at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html are later lives.

The first fact about his power is Gaul as his own book. The second is the Rubicon. The third is a calendar that is not a rebate of Alesia.

## What went wrong

Alesia, enslavement-as-prose, Rubicon, Pharsalus, dictator perpetuo, packed Senate. Unique BG integers stay claims.

## What improved

Calendar, clemency policy, Cisalpine franchise, Forum, debt rules, Catilinarian speech against strangling.

Related people: Pompey, Crassus, Vercingetorix, Cleopatra, Brutus, Cassius, Cicero, [Mark Antony](/people/mark-antony), Octavian as heir, Sosigenes. Related Articles: this poll host, [Cicero](/people/cicero)'s Catilinarians article, Cleopatra's coins-Actium article, Mark Antony's proscriptions article, Alexander as earlier commander neighbour.

The live UUID stays. The bust is not a photograph. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory. Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. Related 2024–2025 news about COP, NATO, or a chancellorship is not a relation. Shared work remains named. What would change the reading is a contradictory original with a different date or signatory.

## Dated facts

- Caesar is assassinated on the Ides of March 44 BCE as later dated. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-ides-44. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Caes., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- 44 BC: Caesar's will adopts Octavian and leaves public bequests as a dated succession-and-crowd instrument. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-will-octavian. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Caes., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- Caesar is named dictator perpetuo in 44 BCE as a dated end of ordinary rotation. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-dictator-44. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- 45 BC: Veteran colonies including Carthage and Corinth refoundings are dated settlement-and-displacement instruments. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-colonies. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler, https://www.cambridge.org/core/.
- 45 BC: Caesar enlarges and packs the Senate as a dated control of the deliberative body. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-senate-packing. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- Munda in 45 BCE is the last major civil-war field in Spain as later dated. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-munda-45. Sources: https://www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- 46 BC: Later lives report Caesar's falling-sickness; it is a received health file of medium confidence. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-health-epilepsy-received. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html, https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Caes..
- 46 BC: Caesar cuts and reorganises the grain dole as a dated urban-provision instrument. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-grain-dole. Sources: https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Suetonius/12Caesars/Julius*.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- 46 BC: The Forum Iulium is dedicated as a dated public building-and-land scheme in Rome. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-forum-iulium. Sources: https://www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- The Julian calendar reform of 46 BCE is a dated civic time-standard. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-calendar-46. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/science/Julian-calendar, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- Thapsus in 46 BCE destroys the remaining Pompeian-Senatorial field army in Africa. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-thapsus-46. Sources: https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Plut.+Caes., https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.
- 47 BC: Caesar's political-military alliance with Cleopatra is a dated eastern settlement. https://factrail.ai/facts/juc-cleopatra-alliance. Sources: https://www.livius.org/articles/person/caesar/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Julius-Caesar-Roman-ruler.

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/julius-caesar