# Niccolò Machiavelli The first fact about Machiavelli is a split corpus. Il Principe and the Discorsi are not one mood. The 1506 militia and the 1532 printed handbook of fear are not one office. A catalog that averages them into ‘realism’ is already doing Gentillet’s work, or Mussolini’s. February 1513 torture is a body harm. November 1512 dismissal is a purge. 1532 print made unaccountable survival advice copyable. 1559 listed the name as forbidden, which is a knowledge harm even when the book is dangerous. 1576 Gentillet and early-modern English ‘Machiavel’ organised religious and xenophobic polarisation around a dead secretary. 1924 Fascist prelude and 1958 Strauss, in different registers, made him a usable founder of hard politics. Mandragola’s bed-trick is a bounded dignity harm in comedy. Borgia dispatches sit next to a condottiere’s violence without converting reportage into a signed massacre. Posthumous letter editions leak household detail. Medici patronage after 1520 restored one man’s income under princely pay. Offsets are equally dated. 19 June 1498 is an election to a civilian foreign office. 1506 ordinanza and 1521 Art of War argue native infantry against a market in mercenaries. 1531 Discourses print mixed government, tumult, and citizen virtue. 10 December 1513 is composition evidence. 1525 Histories are a public civic narrative under a papal name. 1966 ends the Index as law. Gutenberg, Fordham, SEP, Cambridge, and Liberty Fund reprints are access instruments, not moral laundering. What the score must not say: that he designed Mussolini; that the Discourses cancel The Prince; that the Index proved the book’s crimes; that a 1513 farm letter is a ministry white paper; that UNESCO’s Florence listing is his welfare. Complex contribution is the honest type almost everywhere. Direct would over-claim printers, popes, and Duce. 1532 is not 1513. 1559 is not 1966. 1924 is not 1498. Official and independent URLs on each row are different pages. If a number of victims of ‘Machiavellianism’ is not in those pages, it is not supplied. Related people are Soderini, Vettori, Cesare Borgia, Savonarola, Clement VII, Gentillet, Mussolini, Strauss, Guicciardini, and Lorenzo duke of Urbino — roles and periods, not a pad of unrelated commissioners. Responsibility stays boring. A secretary drafts and files. A printer issues. A congregation lists. A dictator cites. Sharing labour is not innocence and not sole authorship of later harm. Confidence is high on chancery dates and print years, medium on reception size, low on health and privacy metaphors. Keep Prince, Discourses, militia, Index, and Fascist prelude unmerged. A civic portrait in Palazzo Vecchio does not repeal strappado. A Stanford page does not staff a militia. Readers who want a demon or a nation-maker should be equally disappointed: the file is a set of dates. Keep Prince, Discourses, militia, Index, and Fascist prelude unmerged. A civic portrait in Palazzo Vecchio does not repeal strappado. A Stanford page does not staff a militia. Readers who want a demon or a nation-maker should be equally disappointed: the file is a set of dates. Keep Prince, Discourses, militia, Index, and Fascist prelude unmerged. A civic portrait in Palazzo Vecchio does not repeal strappado. A Stanford page does not staff a militia. Readers who want a demon or a nation-maker should be equally disappointed: the file is a set of dates. Sources used in this catalog include Il Principe — Internet Archive scan (https://archive.org/details/ilprincipe00machuoft); Britannica — The Prince (https://www.britannica.com/topic/The-Prince); Dicastery for the Doctrine of the Faith — historical Index competence (https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/index.htm); Britannica — Index Librorum Prohibitorum (https://www.britannica.com/topic/Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum); Gentillet, Discours contre Machiavel — Gallica (https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k1043402d); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Niccolò Machiavelli (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/). ## Dated facts - 2010: The Cambridge Companion to Machiavelli gathers a standard scholarly handbook. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-cambridge-companion. Sources: https://global.oup.com/academic/product/machiavelli-9780192804273, https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol9780521861250. - 2006: Project Gutenberg hosts a public-domain English The Prince. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-gutenberg-prince. Sources: https://www.loc.gov/item/09015506/, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232. - 2005: The Stanford Encyclopedia publishes a standing public Machiavelli entry. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-sep-machiavelli-entry. Sources: https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol9780521861250, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/. - 1996: Fordham’s Internet History Sourcebooks posts public Prince excerpts for teaching. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-fordham-excerpts. Sources: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/prince-excerp.asp, https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1232. - 1982: UNESCO lists the Historic Centre of Florence, including the chancery landscape. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-unesco-florence-1982. Sources: https://www.museicivicifiorentini.comune.fi.it/en/palazzovecchio/, https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/174/. - 1966: The Holy See ceases the Index of Forbidden Books as a binding list. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-index-abolished-1966. Sources: https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/cfaith/index.htm, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum. - 1958: Leo Strauss publishes Thoughts on Machiavelli. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-strauss-1958. Sources: https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/T/bo3628593.html, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/. - 1949: Gramsci’s prison notes on Machiavelli enter postwar print as a modern-prince template. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-gramsci-notes. Sources: https://www.marxists.org/archive/gramsci/prison_notebooks/machiavelli.htm, https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol9780521861250. - 1924: Mussolini publishes a prelude to Machiavelli as Fascist usable past. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-mussolini-1924. Sources: https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/niccolo-machiavelli/, https://archive.org/details/preliminarealmachiavelli. - 1882: Nineteenth-century English collected writings make the diplomatic corpus public. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-liberty-fund-writings. Sources: https://sourcebooks.fordham.edu/source/prince-excerp.asp, https://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/machiavelli-the-historical-political-and-diplomatic-writings-vol-1. - 1740: Frederick of Prussia’s Anti-Machiavel is published with Voltaire’s help. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-frederick-antimachiavel-1740. Sources: https://archive.org/details/antimachiavelou02voltgoog, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/machiavelli/. - 1603: English stage and print fix ‘Machiavel’ as a stock villain around the early 1600s. https://factrail.ai/facts/mc-elizabethan-machiavel. Sources: https://doi.org/10.1017/ccol9780521861250, https://www.bl.uk/collection-items. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/niccolo-machiavelli