# Sandro Botticelli The first fact about Sandro Botticelli in a public catalog is a shop and a wall, not a postcard Venus. Uffizi object pages at https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/birth-of-venus and https://www.uffizi.it/opere/botticelli-primavera date the two large myths. The National Gallery artist page at https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/sandro-botticelli and the Mystic Nativity at https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sandro-botticelli-the-mystic-nativity carry the 1500 inscription. Met Heilbrunn at https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm and Treccani at https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-filipepi-detto-botticelli/ are independent lives. Vatican Museums Sistine pages at https://www.museivaticani.va/content/museivaticani/en/collezioni/musei/cappella-sistina.html hold the 1481–82 narrative frescoes. Smarthistory essays at https://smarthistory.org/sandro-botticelli-the-birth-of-venus/ and https://smarthistory.org/botticelli-primavera/ are free teaching doors. Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli is the encyclopedia check. The Otto’s 21 July 1478 payment for painting the Pazzi traitors is a real polarising instrument, with civic context at https://cultura.comune.fi.it/pagina/musei-civici-fiorentini/palazzo-vecchio. What the score must not say: that he is proved to have thrown his own mythologies on Savonarola’s pile; that Primavera is a fertility statute; that Sistine lime is [Michelangelo](/people/michelangelo)’s 1508; that a 1919 Uffizi hang is 1485. Do not attach infectious-disease or [democratic-resilience](/drivers/democratic-resilience) drivers without a mechanism. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on surviving panels, chapel walls, and the 1478 payment heading; medium on iconography and Dante-sheet completeness; low on Vasari’s auto-da-fé. Related people are Lippi father and son, Lorenzo and Giuliano de’ Medici, Dante as illustrated poet, Savonarola as contested influence, and Ghirlandaio as Sistine colleague. Leonardo is not forced as a relation. 1478 paint is not 1485 Venus. 1481 Rome is not 1500 London. 1470-01-01 (offset, driver `labour-market-tightness`): Botticelli is documented with an independent Florentine workshop including the Fortitude commission — official Uffizi Galleries (https://www.uffizi.it/en); independent Met Heilbrunn — Botticelli (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm). 1478-07-21 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): The Florentine Eight pay Botticelli for painting the Pazzi conspirators as hanged traitors — official Comune di Firenze — Palazzo Vecchio (https://cultura.comune.fi.it/pagina/musei-civici-fiorentini/palazzo-vecchio); independent Britannica — Sandro Botticelli (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli). 1500-01-01 (offset, driver `social-cohesion`): The Mystic Nativity is dated 1500 on the panel and carries an apocalyptic Greek inscription — official National Gallery — Botticelli, Mystic Nativity (https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sandro-botticelli-the-mystic-nativity); independent Britannica — Sandro Botticelli (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli). Later Loeb, UNESCO, and encyclopedia pages are evidence, not additional acts. The honest deficiency is that a 30-Fact / 10-Article / 10-News numeric gate cannot be met from securely dated instruments without attributing later editors to the name. Portrait URL is a Wikimedia upload of a self-portrait type from the Adoration of the Magi; a painted face in a Magi crowd is not a studio photograph. Country is stored as Italy. Role is stored as Florentine painter. ## Dated facts - Botticelli dies in Florence on 17 May 1510 as the received end date. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-death-1510. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-filipepi-detto-botticelli/. - 1505: Vasari prints late-life distress and reduced income for Botticelli as a piagnone; modern scholars contest the stop-work claim. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-vasari-late-distress. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-filipepi-detto-botticelli/. - 1504: Spalliera panels of Lucretia and Virginia are completed in the early 1500s as Roman chastity-and-violence exempla. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-lucretia-virginia-panels. Sources: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/sandro-botticelli, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - Panels of the Life of Saint Zenobius are completed about 1500–05 as a Florentine sacred narrative cycle. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-zenobius-panels. Sources: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/artists/sandro-botticelli, https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm. - Mystic Crucifixion is completed about 1500 as an apocalyptic sacred panel in the Savonarolan aftermath neighbourhood. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-mystic-crucifixion. Sources: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - The Mystic Nativity is dated 1500 on the panel and carries an apocalyptic Greek inscription. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-mystic-nativity-1500. Sources: https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/sandro-botticelli-mystic-nativity, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - Savonarola is executed in May 1498; Botticelli’s late sacred intensity continues in the aftermath as received, not as his scaffold act. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-savonarola-execution-context. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-filipepi-detto-botticelli/. - 1497: In the late 1490s Botticelli’s output shifts toward intense sacred panels under Savonarolan Florence as received. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-savonarola-sacred-turn. Sources: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - Last Communion of Saint Jerome is completed about 1495 as a small sacred panel later in the Met. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-last-communion-jerome. Sources: https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/435802, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - 1495: Calumny of Apelles is completed in the mid-1490s as an allegory of unjust accusation, later in the Uffizi. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-calumny-apelles. Sources: https://www.uffizi.it/en/artworks/calumny, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. - The Medici expulsion of 1494 collapses Botticelli’s primary patronage network as received context for the later sacred turn. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-medici-fall-1494. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli, https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/alessandro-filipepi-detto-botticelli/. - 1490: Botticelli draws an incomplete Divine Comedy cycle on parchment as a Dante illustration file. https://factrail.ai/facts/sb-dante-drawings. Sources: https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/bott/hd_bott.htm, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Sandro-Botticelli. ## Methodology https://factrail.ai/methodology Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/sandro-botticelli