# Thomas Aquinas

The first fact about Thomas Aquinas is a source limit. The richest Latin is medieval and school-made; the richest dates a modern catalog can store without inventing a thirteenth-century timestamp are later: translations, papal encyclicals, a critical-edition commission, HTML, a witch-handbook that cited the school, an anniversary letter. Treating the Summa as a tape of 1271 is naive. Treating Thomism as only later abuse is evasive.

The harms that survive in dated public English are not rumours. II-II q.11 a.3, as the English Dominicans printed it, delivers the relapsed heretic to death. Q.10 organises unbelief and Jewish civic disability. Sex-hierarchy and servitude headings are in the same opera. Just-war articles licence public killing. The Malleus used scholastic demonology in 1487 type. Aeterni Patris and the 1914 theses and Pascendi turned a master into a police method for classrooms. The 1917 Code filed inner-forum cases in a scholastic grid.

The offsets are also dated. The English Summa and New Advent and Corpus Thomisticum and the Leonine factory made texts checkable. Natural law as participation is a public-reason heading. Just price and due-alms name claims against extraction and surplus. Contra Gentiles and Aristotle-in-theology open an argument across a religious border. Fides et Ratio is not 1914. De regno says a king is for the common good. Corporal works toward the sick are a health-capacity heading, not a hospital.

What the score must not say: that Aquinas signed a 1487 witch-manual; that 1879 lock-in is a 1271 lecture; that natural law is the UDHR; that q.11 is only ‘of its time’ and therefore not a Fact; that digital HTML washes the heresy article. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on 1487–2023 printings and papal acts, medium on later coefficients from q.11 to any one pyre, low on miracle-healings as medicine.

1920 English is not 1271. 1879 is a pope. 1487 is a handbook. 1998 is another pope. Off-family indicator padding is refused. Related people are teachers, interlocutors, a poet, a reformer, and popes. They will be created as identities where missing.

The useful question is not whether Thomas is the Common Doctor. It is which dated later instruments still move rights, classrooms, war, and alms, and how much of that movement can be attributed to a Dominican name without invention. Dated later instruments, not a recovered Paris diary, remain the public record. Thomas Aquinas is scored from dated instruments, not from a later museum caption or a later encyclopedia heading. Shared work remains named. Thomas Aquinas is scored from dated public instruments, not from a later museum caption. Shared work with named collaborators, later editors, and institutions remains named. Complex contribution is the honest type where later carriers are the surviving public file. Day-precision is not invented where the named records are year-level. 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `protection-of-minority-rights`): English Dominican Summa prints II-II q.11 that relapsed heretics may be put to death — Summa Theologiae II-II q.11 — Heresy (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3011.htm); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `protection-of-minority-rights`): English Dominican Summa prints II-II q.10 on unbelief, Jewish servitude, and compulsion — Summa Theologiae II-II q.10 — Unbelief (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3010.htm); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `protection-of-minority-rights`): English Dominican Summa prints I q.92 on woman as produced from man and as helper — New Advent — Summa Theologiae (English Dominican Fathers) (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `humanitarian-access`): English Dominican Summa prints II-II q.40 on just war as a licensed killing — Summa Theologiae II-II q.40 — War (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3040.htm); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): Standard scholarly accounts print Tempier’s 1277 Paris articles touching Thomist theses — Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1907-09-08 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): Pius X’s Pascendi uses scholastic-Thomist orthodoxy against modernist historical method — Catholic Encyclopedia — St. Thomas Aquinas (https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `income-inequality`): English Dominican Summa prints natural-law articles that accommodate servitude — Summa Theologiae I-II q.94 — Natural law (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2094.htm); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `institutional-corruption`): English Summa heresy articles become a public heading for later inquisitorial procedure — Summa Theologiae II-II q.11 — Heresy (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3011.htm); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1879-08-04 (cost, driver `political-polarization`): Aeterni Patris and later study-norms sideline non-Thomist Catholic philosophies — Leo XIII, Aeterni Patris (4 August 1879) (https://www.vatican.va/content/leo-xiii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_04081879_aeterni-patris.html); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1917-05-27 (cost, driver `personal-data-protection`): The 1917 Codex Iuris Canonici prints a Thomist-scholastic moral grid for internal forum files — Code of Canon Law (Holy See index) (https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/cic_index_en.html); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `income-inequality`): English Summa prints usury bans with openings later used by powerful lenders’ lawyers — New Advent — Summa Theologiae (English Dominican Fathers) (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (cost, driver `humanitarian-access`): English Summa war articles are taught as a heading that can bless public religious war — Summa Theologiae II-II q.40 — War (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/3040.htm); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 1323-07-18 (cost, driver `infectious-disease-transmission`): Later Vatican narration of the 1323 canonization prints miracle-healings as proof — Francis, letter on the 700th anniversary of Aquinas’s canonization (30 June 2023) (https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2023/documents/20230630-lettera-card-semeraro.html); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). Thomas Aquinas (https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14663b.htm); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (offset, driver `democratic-resilience`): English Dominican Summa prints I-II q.94 on natural law as publicly arguable — Summa Theologiae I-II q.94 — Natural law (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/2094.htm); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (offset, driver `social-cohesion`): English and Latin public editions print the Summa contra Gentiles as argument toward non-Christians — New Advent — Summa Theologiae (English Dominican Fathers) (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Aquinas (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/). 1920-01-01 (offset, driver `income-inequality`): [English Summa prints just-price and theft questions as limits on market extraction](/facts/aq-just-price) — New Advent — Summa Theologiae (English Dominican Fathers) (https://www.newadvent.org/summa/); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas). 2023-06-30 (offset, driver `social-cohesion`): [Francis’s 2023 letter marks the 700th anniversary of the 1323 canonization in public Vatican text](/facts/aq-2023-canonization-letter) — Francis, letter on the 700th anniversary of Aquinas’s canonization (30 June 2023) (https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2023/documents/20230630-lettera-card-semeraro.html); Britannica — Saint Thomas Aquinas (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas).

## Dated facts

- Francis’s 2023 letter marks the 700th anniversary of the 1323 canonization in public Vatican text. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-2023-canonization-letter. Sources: https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/letters/2023/documents/20230630-lettera-card-semeraro.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas.
- 2000: Corpus Thomisticum puts the Latin opera and indices on a public digital site. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-corpus-thomisticum. Sources: https://www.corpusthomisticum.org/, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/.
- 1999: The Stanford Encyclopedia publishes a citable public entry on Aquinas. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-sep-aquinas-entry. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/.
- 1998: Fides et Ratio cites Aquinas as a model of faith-reason dialogue without repeating 1914 theses. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-fides-et-ratio-1998. Sources: https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_jp-ii_enc_14091998_fides-et-ratio.html, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas.
- 1997: New Advent places the English Summa on a stable public HTML site. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-newadvent-html. Sources: https://iep.utm.edu/thomas-aquinas/, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.
- 1920: English Summa almsgiving questions print surplus as due to those in urgent need. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-humanitarian-alms. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.
- 1920: English Summa charity and corporal-works questions print care of the sick as a public duty of love. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-health-charity-works. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.
- 1920: Public English De regno prints kingly rule as ordered to the common good, not to private will. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-de-regno-limited. Sources: https://www.corpusthomisticum.org/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas.
- 1920: English Summa and contra Gentiles print the public use of Aristotle in Christian theology. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-aristotle-reception. Sources: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.
- 1920: English Summa prints just-price and theft questions as limits on market extraction. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-just-price. Sources: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.
- 1920: Dominican Order public histories print the Paris and Santa Sabina studia as teaching machines. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-dominican-studium. Sources: https://www.op.org/, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Thomas-Aquinas.
- 1920: English and Latin public editions print the Summa contra Gentiles as argument toward non-Christians. https://factrail.ai/facts/aq-contra-gentiles-print. Sources: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/aquinas/, https://www.newadvent.org/summa/.

## Methodology

https://factrail.ai/methodology

Canonical: https://factrail.ai/people/thomas-aquinas