
Launched by UIDAI in 2009, Aadhaar issues a 12-digit biometric-backed identity number; by the early 2020s over 1.3 billion residents (roughly 99% of adults) were enrolled, underpinning Direct Benefit Transfers and thousands of welfare schemes. It is the flagship of India's digital public infrastructure, though it has drawn privacy and exclusion concerns.
Launched by UIDAI in 2009, Aadhaar issues a 12-digit biometric-backed identity number; by the early 2020s over 1.3 billion residents (roughly 99% of adults) were enrolled, underpinning Direct Benefit Transfers and thousands of welfare schemes. It is the flagship of India's digital public infrastructure, though it has drawn privacy and exclusion concerns.
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Aadhaar is the foundational layer of India's multi-year digital public infrastructure investment program.