Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple
In the 130s Hadrian dedicated the Temple of Venus and Roma as a back-to-back double cella on the Velia. In the causal graph this event strengthens Social Cohesion, a driver that strengthens Having a say in government — an improving welfare path.
Read the full account
In the 130s Hadrian dedicated the Temple of Venus and Roma as a back-to-back double cella on the Velia. The dated civic temple is not the Pantheon rotunda and not Maxentius’s later rebuild. Hadrian’s documented role is: He designed and dedicated a colossal double temple of Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna on the Velia. Architects and labour built; later Maxentius rebuilt after fire. Two temples, two sites. Later editors, printers, and excavators remain named where they appear.
Context
A temple of the city is not unique modern nationalism. Later church and ruin are not 135. Named others on the file: Unnamed architects and labour, later Maxentius as rebuilder, and the emperor as designer-honorand share the fabric. The public setting is the file around 0135-01-01. The instrument stays Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple. The setting of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple is the public file around 0135-01-01. Driver social-cohesion is attached because the significance names a mechanism from this act, not because a standing list needed coverage.
Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. Two temples, two sites. Mixed effects of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple are separate paths.
Why it matters
Complex shared building. Welfare reading improving. The attached mechanism is A dated civic cult temple put a public Rome-and-Venus pair into the Sacred Way’s skyline. Lag to any modern indicator is not treated as zero. This path is attached because the mechanism is named from this act, not because a driver list needed coverage. The welfare reading on this path is improving.
That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
Hadrian
PersonDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.4 · verified
He designed and dedicated a colossal double temple of Venus Felix and Roma Aeterna on the Velia. Architects and labour built; later Maxentius rebuilt after fire.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactHadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple
- strengthensDriverSocial Cohesion
- strengthensIndicators (2)Having a say in government
impact weight 0.35 · Effect from 1 January 135 · verified
A dated civic cult temple put a public Rome-and-Venus pair into the Sacred Way’s skyline.
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.16 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.45)
Observed
29.8% of population aged 16-65 years · 8.13 below the normal line (2023)
Worse than normalTwo readings: 30.2% of population aged 16-65 years (2021) and 29.8% of population aged 16-65 years (2023).
20212023 Above normal = better
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.16 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.45)
Observed
43.9 Score · 43.9 above the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal26 readings, 1996–2024: rose from 43 Score to 43.9 Score.
Normal is zero · any amount = worse
Evidence
The sources behind this fact and its verification state.
- 1.Livius — Temple of Venus and RomaLivius.org · High credibility · verified
- 2.Britannica — HadrianEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish
Britannica and Livius independently identify a Hadrianic Venus-and-Roma temple distinct from later rebuilds. Official: Britannica — Hadrian, Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian (opens in a new tab); Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent: Livius — Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.livius.org/pictures/italy/rome/rome-temple-of-venus-and-roma/ (opens in a new tab); Livius.org). The two URLs are different pages. Where the carrier is a later edition or a received narrative, that limit is stated rather than upgraded to an autograph. Official carrier: Britannica — Hadrian, Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian (opens in a new tab); Encyclopaedia Britannica). Independent carrier: Livius — Temple of Venus and Roma (https://www.livius.org/pictures/italy/rome/rome-temple-of-venus-and-roma/ (opens in a new tab); Livius.org).
Established: Hadrianic Temple of Venus and Roma. Not established: that the Maxentian brick is his act. Established: a sourced public record of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple under 0135-01-01.
Shared responsibility is part of Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple. Naming Hadrian does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from 0135-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them.
If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts.
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorHadrian
- contributed toFactHadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple
- strengthensDriverSocial Cohesion
- strengthensIndicatorHaving a say in government
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). Hadrian dedicates the Temple of Venus and Roma as a double public temple. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/had-venus-roma-135
https://factrail.ai/facts/had-venus-roma-135
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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