Mahatma Gandhi

The first fact about Gandhi is that the saint and the politician are the same file. A dossier that prints only Dandi is a poster. A dossier that prints only 1906 racial copy, or only Manu’s diary, as if that cancelled Champaran, is a smear engine.

South Africa is the laboratory. Pietermaritzburg 1893 is a racial ejection. Natal Indian Congress 1894 is a merchants’ body. Indian Opinion 1903 is a press. 11 September 1906 is a public oath against registration. Tolstoy Farm 1910 is a commune. In the same years his copy distinguishes Indians from Africans in civilisational language later quoted on a Ghana campus. Those sentences are his. They do not make the 1906 oath imaginary.

India is the mass phase. Champaran 1917 is an agrarian inquiry against planters. 1918 is recruitment for the British army — a humanitarian-cost row in his own campaign calendar. 1919 is the Rowlatt hartal, distinct from Jallianwala. 1920 is Non-Cooperation plus Khilafat. 4 February 1922 is Chauri Chaura: policemen burned, campaign suspended. He did not light the station. He had called a movement that local fury exceeded. 1930 is salt. 1931 is Irwin. 1932 is Yeravda and Poona: a fast against separate electorates that Ambedkar experienced as coercion. Harijan 1933 is anti-untouchability and still a varna apology. 1942 is Quit India. 1946 is Noakhali walking and, in the same season, brahmacharya tests. 15 August 1947 is a transfer he did not administer and a killing he did not stop. 13 January 1948 is a Delhi fast. 30 January is Godse.

Sex experiments are documented in diaries and later editions. The catalog records them as a power controversy in a spiritual household. It does not invent a courtroom rape count. Caste is not cleaned up by the word Harijan. Race in Natal is not cleaned up by later U.S. civil-rights reception, including the King Institute’s teaching file. Churchill’s insults are reception, not a salt-tax rebate.

What the score must not say: that he is the Indian state; that non-violence was empirically total; that Ambedkar secretly thanked him for Poona; that Ghana’s statue row is a hoax; that a UN day in 2007 rewrites 1922. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on dated campaigns and the assassination, medium on welfare magnitudes of fasts, high on the existence of the ugly texts.

Related people are Kasturba, Gokhale, Nehru, Jinnah, Ambedkar, Smuts, Churchill, Tagore, Patel, Tolstoy, Godse. They are specific roles. The formula writes the score if public evidence and existing driver-indicator links can see these paths. If the number looks like a calendar saint, the Chauri Chaura and Poona and Natal rows were dropped. If it looks like a cartoon villain, Dandi and Champaran were dropped. Keep each campaign on its date. A fast is not a vote. A diary is not a conviction. A pinch of salt is not a constitution. Shared work remains named. Shared work with named collaborators, later editors, and institutions remains named. Day-precision is not invented where the named records are year-level. 1893-05-31 (offset, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Gandhi is thrown off a Pietermaritzburg train for occupying a first-class berth — South African History Online — Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1906-09-11 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): Johannesburg meeting adopts satyagraha against the Asiatic Registration ordinance — South African History Online — Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi (opens in a new tab)); Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)). 1930-03-12 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): Gandhi leaves Ahmedabad on the Salt March toward Dandi — Incredible India — Dandi (Salt March site) (https://www.incredibleindia.gov.in/en/gujarat/navsari/dandi (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Salt March (https://www.britannica.com/event/Salt-March (opens in a new tab)). 1922-02-04 (cost, driver humanitarian-access): Police station is burned at Chauri Chaura during Non-Cooperation; Gandhi suspends the campaign — Britannica — Chauri Chaura incident (https://www.britannica.com/event/Chauri-Chaura-incident (opens in a new tab)); Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)). 1948-01-30 (cost, driver political-polarization): Nathuram Godse shoots Gandhi at Birla House, New Delhi — Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (https://gandhismriti.gov.in/ (opens in a new tab)); New York Times — Gandhi is killed by a Hindu assassin (31 Jan 1948) (https://www.nytimes.com/1948/01/31/archives/gandhi-is-killed-by-a-hindu-assassin-india-shaken-world-mourns-60.html (opens in a new tab)). 1894-08-22 (offset, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Gandhi helps found the Natal Indian Congress — South African History Online — Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi (opens in a new tab)); British Library — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.bl.uk/people/mahatma-gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1910-06-01 (offset, driver social-cohesion): Tolstoy Farm is established near Johannesburg as a satyagraha settlement — South African History Online — Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi (opens in a new tab)); Tolstoy, Letter to a Hindu (1908) (https://www.marxists.org/archive/tolstoy/1908/letter-to-a-hindu.html (opens in a new tab)). 1909-11-22 (offset, driver industrial-policy-activism): Gandhi writes Hind Swaraj on the voyage from London to South Africa — Hind Swaraj or Indian Home Rule (1909) — MKGandhi.org text (https://www.mkgandhi.org/hindswaraj/hindswaraj.htm (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1917-04-15 (offset, driver income-inequality): Gandhi opens the Champaran inquiry into indigo planters’ tinkathia grievances — Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1920-09-04 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): Congress at Calcutta adopts Non-Cooperation with Gandhi as the programme’s author-leader — Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1931-03-05 (offset, driver humanitarian-access): Gandhi and Lord Irwin sign the Delhi Pact ending this round of civil disobedience — The National Archives — Gandhi and the Cabinet Mission (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/gandhi-and-the-cabinet-mission/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1932-09-24 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Yeravda fast ends in the Poona Pact on depressed-class electorates — Britannica — Poona Pact (https://www.britannica.com/event/Poona-Pact (opens in a new tab)); Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables (gov. reprint path) (https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_09.pdf (opens in a new tab)). 1933-02-11 (offset, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Gandhi founds the weekly Harijan after the Poona Pact — Harijan journal pages — MKGandhi.org (https://www.mkgandhi.org/harijan/harijan.htm (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1942-08-08 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): All-India Congress Committee adopts the Quit India resolution after Gandhi’s do-or-die speech — Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)); The National Archives — Gandhi and the Cabinet Mission (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/gandhi-and-the-cabinet-mission/ (opens in a new tab)). 1948-01-13 (offset, driver social-cohesion): Gandhi fasts in Delhi for communal peace after Partition killings — Gandhi Smriti and Darshan Samiti (https://gandhismriti.gov.in/ (opens in a new tab)); New York Times — Gandhi is killed by a Hindu assassin (31 Jan 1948) (https://www.nytimes.com/1948/01/31/archives/gandhi-is-killed-by-a-hindu-assassin-india-shaken-world-mourns-60.html (opens in a new tab)). 1921-01-01 (offset, driver industrial-policy-activism): Congress-era khadi and charkha programme makes homespun a mass political-economic instrument — Sabarmati Ashram official site (https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1918-07-01 (cost, driver humanitarian-access): Gandhi campaigns to recruit Indians for the British army in the last year of the World War — Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi — Sevagram listing (https://www.gandhiashramsevagram.org/gandhi-literature/collected-works-of-mahatma-gandhi.php (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Mahatma Gandhi (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mahatma-Gandhi (opens in a new tab)). 1906-01-01 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Gandhi’s South African journalism prints hierarchical remarks about Africans — South African History Online — Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/mohandas-karamchand-gandhi (opens in a new tab)); Guardian — Ghana campus statue row over Gandhi’s African writings (https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/oct/01/gandhi-statue-removed-university-of-ghana-africa-racism-row (opens in a new tab)). 1933-06-01 (cost, driver income-inequality): Harijan-era Gandhi defends varna as a division of labour while attacking untouchability — Harijan journal pages — MKGandhi.org (https://www.mkgandhi.org/harijan/harijan.htm (opens in a new tab)); Ambedkar, What Congress and Gandhi Have Done to the Untouchables (gov. reprint path) (https://www.mea.gov.in/Images/attach/amb/Volume_09.pdf (opens in a new tab)). 1946-12-01 (cost, driver personal-data-protection): Late ashram brahmacharya tests with young women, including Manu Gandhi, enter the documentary record — Gandhi Heritage Portal (https://www.gandhiheritageportal.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Time — Gandhi anniversary reporting (https://time.com/5737500/gandhi-anniversary-india/ (opens in a new tab)). 1915-05-25 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Sabarmati Ashram vows impose patriarchal household rules as public discipline — Sabarmati Ashram official site (https://gandhiashramsabarmati.org/ (opens in a new tab)); An Autobiography, or The Story of My Experiments with Truth (https://www.mkgandhi.org/autobio/autobio.htm (opens in a new tab)). 1947-08-15 (cost, driver social-cohesion): Independence arrives with Partition massacres Gandhi could not prevent — National Portal of India (https://www.india.gov.in/ (opens in a new tab)); The National Archives — Gandhi and the Cabinet Mission (https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/resources/the-road-to-partition/gandhi-and-the-cabinet-mission/ (opens in a new tab)). 1935-02-20 (cost, driver `politi