Rodrigo Roa Duterte is a Filipino politician who served as the 16th president of the Philippines from 2016 to 2022. He served as mayor of Davao City for three non-consecutive terms between 1988 and 2016. Duterte is the first Philippine president from Mindanao, and the oldest person to assume office, beginning his term at age 71.
President of Uganda since 29 January 1986 (Wikidata Q57274). The through-line is a living ruler who removed the age cap, ran closed ballots against Robert Kyagulanyi, assented to a death-penalty homosexuality statute, and put his son over the army — not a 1986 liberation clerk. Still in office after the 17 January 2026 Electoral Commission return.
Co-president of Nicaragua since the 2025 constitutional reform, president since 10 January 2007 (Wikidata Q185081), previously 1985–1990. The through-line is family autocracy: the 2021 jailed-opposition CSE night, the 9 February 2023 expulsion of 222 prisoners with denationalisation, Bishop Álvarez’s 26-year sentence then Vatican exile, and a co-presidency with Rosario Murillo. A living ruler is scored on those instruments, not as a Sandinista nostalgia file.
President of Colombia from 7 August 2022 to 7 August 2026 (Wikidata Q1029520), the first left president of the modern republic. The through-line is Total Peace with the ELN: he signed the 2023 bilateral ceasefire, watched it expire in 2024, then suspended talks after the January 2025 Catatumbo offensive and declared conmoción interior. A living former ruler is scored on those instruments, not as a progressive sticker.
Taliban supreme leader sought by the ICC over alleged gender persecution under policies restricting women, girls and dissenters.
President of Poland since August 2025 and a conservative historian whose narrow election victory gave the presidency substantial blocking power over Donald Tusk's governing coalition. His first year in office made energy prices, wind-power rules and the constitutional limits of emergency taxation recurring tests of how presidential veto and referral powers affect household costs and elected-government policy.
