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Loeb accounts print a brief transfer of elections back toward popular assemblies

Dated 1 January 1913: Loeb accounts print a brief transfer of elections back toward popular assemblies. In the causal graph this event strengthens Democratic Resilience, a driver that strengthens Having a say in government — an improving welfare path.

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

Suetonius prints that Gaius restored elections to the people, reversing Tiberius’s senatorial lock. The dated Loeb is the carrier. The turn was brief and is poorly evidenced in practice. Low confidence, still an improving heading if it happened as written.

Context

Populist restoration can be theatre.

Caligula is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

Why it matters

Printed electoral restoration is a low-confidence resilience flicker, not a franchise.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Caligula

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.2 · verified

    Princeps as named in later editions and objects. Historians, museums, and later states publish the instrument.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

    1. FactLoeb accounts print a brief transfer of elections back toward popular assemblies
    2. strengthensDriverDemocratic Resilience
    3. strengthensIndicators (3)Having a say in government
    Improving path

    impact weight 0.3 · Effect from 1 January 1913 · verified

    Printed electoral restoration is a low-confidence resilience flicker, not a franchise.

    • Having a say in government

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.21 (weight 0.3 × strength 0.7)

      Observed

      29.8% of population aged 16-65 years · 8.13 below the normal line (2023)

      Worse than normal

      Two readings: 30.2% of population aged 16-65 years (2021) and 29.8% of population aged 16-65 years (2023).

      20212023

      Above normal = better

    • Clean elections index

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.14 (weight 0.3 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      0.53 score from 0 to 1 · 0.34 below the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      125 readings, 1900–2024: rose from 0.17 score from 0 to 1 to 0.53 score from 0 to 1.

      Above normal = better

    • WJP Rule of Law Index (global)

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.14 (weight 0.3 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      0.55 index score (0-1) · 0.26 below the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      Above normal = better

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Livius — CaligulaLivius.org · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Suetonius, Caligula — LacusCurtius (Loeb English)LacusCurtius / University of Chicago · High credibility · verified

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorCaligula
  2. contributed toFactLoeb accounts print a brief transfer of elections back toward popular assemblies
  3. strengthensDriverDemocratic Resilience
  4. strengthensIndicatorHaving a say in government

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Loeb accounts print a brief transfer of elections back toward popular assemblies. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cal-elections-restored-briefly

https://factrail.ai/facts/cal-elections-restored-briefly

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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