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Loeb Frontinus makes Julio-Claudian aqueduct administration a technical public text

C. E. Bennett’s Loeb Frontinus (1925) printed water law, capacity, and fraud control for Rome’s aqueducts, naming Gaius among builders. The dated book is a public-health-adjacent technical instrument. In the causal graph this event strengthens Health-System Capacity, a driver that strengthens Hospital beds (per 1,000 people) — an improving welfare path.

Loeb Frontinus makes Julio-Claudian aqueduct administration a technical public text

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

C. E. Bennett’s Loeb Frontinus (1925) printed water law, capacity, and fraud control for Rome’s aqueducts, naming Gaius among builders. The dated book is a public-health-adjacent technical instrument. Clean water is capacity; Frontinus is not a clinic.

Context

Lead pipes and fraud are in the same treatise.

Caligula is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Caligula

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.2 · verified

    Princeps as named in later editions and objects. Historians, museums, and later states publish the instrument.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

    1. FactLoeb Frontinus makes Julio-Claudian aqueduct administration a technical public text
    2. strengthensDriverHealth-System Capacity
    3. strengthensIndicators (2)Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)
    Improving path

    impact weight 0.35 · Effect from 1 January 1925 · verified

    • Hospital beds (per 1,000 people)

      via Health-System Capacity

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.21 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.6)

      Observed

      3.08 Per 1000 people · 1.24 below the normal line (2023)

      Worse than normal

      6 readings, 2018–2023: rose from 3.07 Per 1000 people to 3.08 Per 1000 people.

      Above normal = better

    • Under-five mortality rate (global)

      via Health-System Capacity

      Better

      Weakens · Relationship strength 0.17 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.5)

      Observed

      37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births · 12.4 above the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      7 readings, 2018–2024: fell from 40 deaths per 1,000 live births to 37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births.

      Above normal = worse

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Frontinus, De aquaeductu — LacusCurtiusLacusCurtius / University of Chicago · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Britannica — CaligulaEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorCaligula
  2. contributed toFactLoeb Frontinus makes Julio-Claudian aqueduct administration a technical public text
  3. strengthensDriverHealth-System Capacity
  4. strengthensIndicatorHospital beds (per 1,000 people)

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Loeb Frontinus makes Julio-Claudian aqueduct administration a technical public text. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cal-frontinus-water-science

https://factrail.ai/facts/cal-frontinus-water-science

Accessed 15 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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