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Loeb Polybius and Livy print Zama as the received end of the Italian-African war

Later bilingual narratives print Zama (202 BCE as received) as a killing that closed the war. In the causal graph this event weakens Humanitarian Access, a driver that strengthens People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (IDMC) — an improving welfare path.

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

Later bilingual narratives print Zama (202 BCE as received) as a killing that closed the war. The dated carrier is Loeb/Perseus.

Context

Scipio’s victory is shared. Hannibal is the received loser-commander. Medium confidence on numbers.

Hannibal is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

Why it matters

Printed Zama is not a 202 BCE death certificate series.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Hannibal

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.28 · verified

    Named Carthaginian general as heading of later annalistic epic. Polybius, Livy, and later staff colleges publish the instrument.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Britannica — HannibalEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Perseus — Polybius (English)Perseus Digital Library / Tufts · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish

Not established: a unique Factrail-original body count, or a recovered 216 BCE civil-registry file.

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Confidence is stated on the impact path.

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorHannibal
  2. contributed toFactLoeb Polybius and Livy print Zama as the received end of the Italian-African war
  3. weakensDriverHumanitarian Access
  4. strengthensIndicatorPeople Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (IDMC)

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Loeb Polybius and Livy print Zama as the received end of the Italian-African war. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/ha-zama-as-later

https://factrail.ai/facts/ha-zama-as-later

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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