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Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia

About 100 CE Thamugadi was founded as a veteran colony in Numidia. The dated colonial grid is a civic-foundation instrument, not the Dacian colony at Sarmizegetusa and not a 1982 UNESCO form. In the causal graph this event strengthens Social Cohesion, a driver that strengthens Having a say in government — an improving welfare path.

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About 100 CE Thamugadi was founded as a veteran colony in Numidia. The dated colonial grid is a civic-foundation instrument, not the Dacian colony at Sarmizegetusa and not a 1982 UNESCO form. Trajan’s documented role is: He authorised a veteran colony. Legio III Augusta provided settlers; African land was centuriated; he did not survey every insula. Later editors, printers, and excavators remain named where they appear. Trajan's documented role is: He authorised a veteran colony.

Context

A Numidian road, III Augusta, and veteran settlement policy already existed. A foundation inscription is not unique bricklaying. Named others on the file: Legio III Augusta veterans, unnamed surveyors, and local African labour share the colony. The public setting is the file around 0100-01-01. The instrument stays Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia. The setting of Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia is the public file around 0100-01-01. Driver social-cohesion is attached because the significance names a mechanism from this act, not because a standing list needed coverage.

Confidence is stated on the impact path, not hidden in adjectives. Mixed effects of Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia are separate paths.

Why it matters

Complex because later archaeology is the public file. Welfare reading improving. The attached mechanism is A planned colonial city planted Roman street-grid civic life on a Numidian military road. Lag to any modern indicator is not treated as zero. This path is attached because the mechanism is named from this act, not because a driver list needed coverage. The welfare reading on this path is improving.

That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Trajan

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.36 · verified

    He authorised a veteran colony. Legio III Augusta provided settlers; African land was centuriated; he did not survey every insula.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

    1. FactThamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia
    2. strengthensDriverSocial Cohesion
    3. strengthensIndicators (2)Having a say in government
    Improving path

    impact weight 0.35 · Effect from 1 January 100 · verified

    A planned colonial city planted Roman street-grid civic life on a Numidian military road.

    • Having a say in government

      via Social Cohesion

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.16 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      29.8% of population aged 16-65 years · 8.13 below the normal line (2023)

      Worse than normal

      Two readings: 30.2% of population aged 16-65 years (2021) and 29.8% of population aged 16-65 years (2023).

      20212023

      Above normal = better

    • Rule of Law Gap from the Highest Governance Score

      via Social Cohesion

      Better

      Weakens · Relationship strength 0.16 (weight 0.35 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      43.9 Score · 43.9 above the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      26 readings, 1996–2024: rose from 43 Score to 43.9 Score.

      Normal is zero · any amount = worse

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.UNESCO World Heritage — TimgadUNESCO · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Britannica — TrajanEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish

UNESCO’s Timgad file and Britannica independently identify a Trajanic colonial foundation; UNESCO is later access. Official: UNESCO World Heritage — Timgad (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/194/ (opens in a new tab); UNESCO). Independent: Britannica — Trajan, colonial foundations (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan (opens in a new tab); Encyclopaedia Britannica). The two URLs are different pages. Where the carrier is a later edition or a received narrative, that limit is stated rather than upgraded to an autograph. Official carrier: UNESCO World Heritage — Timgad (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/194/ (opens in a new tab); UNESCO). Independent carrier: Britannica — Trajan, colonial foundations (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Trajan (opens in a new tab); Encyclopaedia Britannica).

Established: a Trajanic foundation of Thamugadi. Not established: that the UNESCO inscription is his act, or a unique African welfare series. Established: a sourced public record of Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia under 0100-01-01.

Shared responsibility is part of Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia. Naming Trajan does not delete co-authors, institutions, or later transmitters. The lag from 0100-01-01 to any measured indicator is not treated as zero. Alternative explanations — weather, other armies, later statutes, or independent cultural change — remain live where the sources do not close them.

If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, museums, and adaptations are not converted into extra lifetime acts.

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorTrajan
  2. contributed toFactThamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia
  3. strengthensDriverSocial Cohesion
  4. strengthensIndicatorHaving a say in government

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Thamugadi (Timgad) is founded as a Trajanic veteran colony in Numidia. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/trj-thamugadi-100

https://factrail.ai/facts/trj-thamugadi-100

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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