Public later texts print exposure of the dead as a communal rite with crowding-and-animal facts
Darmesteter English and later communal practice-history describe dakhma exposure. Do write that later public texts describe exposure. In the causal graph this event strengthens Infectious-Disease Transmission, a driver that weakens Life expectancy at birth — a worsening welfare path.

Read the full account
Darmesteter English and later communal practice-history describe dakhma exposure.
Context
Do write that later public texts describe exposure.
Zoroaster is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.
Why it matters
Printed exposure-rite is not a modern outbreak table.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
Zoroaster
PersonDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.14 · verified
Named prophet as heading of later hymns and state religion. Redactors, Sasanian kings, and later Parsi printers publish the instrument.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactPublic later texts print exposure of the dead as a communal rite with crowding-and-animal facts
- strengthensDriverInfectious-Disease Transmission
- weakensIndicators (3)Life expectancy at birth
impact weight 0.25 · Effect from 1 April 1898 · verified
Printed exposure-rite is not a modern outbreak table.
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.13 (weight 0.25 × strength 0.5)
Observed
80 Years · 2.3 below the normal line (2023)
Worse than normal6 readings, 2018–2023: rose from 79.5 Years to 80 Years.
Above normal = better
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.13 (weight 0.25 × strength 0.5)
Observed
37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births · 12.4 above the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal7 readings, 2018–2024: fell from 40 deaths per 1,000 live births to 37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births.
Above normal = worse
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.1 (weight 0.25 × strength 0.4)
Observed
11% of primary-school-age children · 11 above the normal line (2023)
Worse than normalAbove normal = worse
Evidence
The sources behind this fact and its verification state.
- 1.The Wiley Blackwell Companion to ZoroastrianismWiley Blackwell · High credibility · verified
- 2.The Zend-Avesta (Darmesteter) — public-domain EnglishProject Gutenberg · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Confidence is stated on the impact path.
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorZoroaster
- contributed toFactPublic later texts print exposure of the dead as a communal rite with crowding-and-animal facts
- strengthensDriverInfectious-Disease Transmission
- weakensIndicatorLife expectancy at birth
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). Public later texts print exposure of the dead as a communal rite with crowding-and-animal facts. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/zo-infectious-tower-exposure
https://factrail.ai/facts/zo-infectious-tower-exposure
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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