Loeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes
Catilinarians, later Philippics, and De officiis in English print concordia ordinum as senatorial leadership of the republic. In the causal graph this event weakens Democratic Resilience, a driver that strengthens Having a say in government — a worsening welfare path.
Read the full account
Catilinarians, later Philippics, and De officiis in English print concordia ordinum as senatorial leadership of the republic. The dated carrier is Loeb/Perseus. A speech-republic can still be an oligarchy heading.
Context
Split speech-against-kingship onto improving rows.
Cicero is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.
Why it matters
Printed senatorial oligarchy is not a ballot and not a modern party.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
Cicero
PersonDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.36 · verified
Named orator as heading of later editions. Editors, printers, and later republican readers publish the instrument.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactLoeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes
- weakensDriverDemocratic Resilience
- strengthensIndicators (3)Having a say in government
impact weight 0.45 · Effect from 1 January 1913 · verified
Printed senatorial oligarchy is not a ballot and not a modern party.
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.32 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.7)
Observed
29.8% of population aged 16-65 years · 8.13 below the normal line (2023)
Worse than normalTwo readings: 30.2% of population aged 16-65 years (2021) and 29.8% of population aged 16-65 years (2023).
20212023 Above normal = better
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.2 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.45)
Observed
0.53 score from 0 to 1 · 0.34 below the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal125 readings, 1900–2024: rose from 0.17 score from 0 to 1 to 0.53 score from 0 to 1.
Above normal = better
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.2 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.45)
Observed
0.55 index score (0-1) · 0.26 below the normal line (2024)
Worse than normalAbove normal = better
Evidence
The sources behind this fact and its verification state.
- 1.Perseus — Cicero, De officiisPerseus Digital Library / Tufts · High credibility · verified
- 2.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — CiceroStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish
Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Confidence is stated on the impact path.
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorCicero
- contributed toFactLoeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes
- weakensDriverDemocratic Resilience
- strengthensIndicatorHaving a say in government
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). Loeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-optimate-oligarchy
https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-optimate-oligarchy
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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