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Cicero

Cicero

0

Near balanceFormula-derived score

Late Republican orator whose Catilinarians, Philippics, letters, and De officiis reach the public through Loeb, Perseus, and a Capitoline bust. Documented harms: household slavery in the letters, emergency executions in 63 as received, 43 BCE proscription as later told. He did not see a 1920 Loeb.

Senatorial speech-republic against kingship and conspiracyhousehold slave labour as documented in letterslater school Latin as an elite credential gate

Impact

Not rated yet: the verified records linked to this person, without a numeric impact.

Editorial assessment (context, not the score)

The page is not a marble mouth and not a unique author of 43 BCE. The heaviest documented costs in public English are household slavery, emergency executions in the Catilinarians, hired court fog, and polarising Philippics beside a received proscription death. The offsets are Loeb/Perseus access, De officiis, Pro Archia, and anti-kingship as a split path.

He did not file 1920. Editors and museums did that work. Confidence is high on those pages, medium on unique war coefficients.

Indicators affected

Indicators this person’s verified facts reach. No score contribution is assigned; the observed state is the indicator’s own reading.

Accountability & contradictions

Claims against the record, the type of responsibility, and what is disputed.

Claimed

What happened

Responsibility

What could change this assessment

  • 5 linked facts have no assessed welfare direction yet.
  • Lifetime coverage has not been assessed: the record reflects stored facts only (1559–2002).

Causal path

Person → Fact → Driver → Indicator. Select a path to inspect its factors; the full network opens on demand.

  1. PersonCicero
  2. FactThe Stanford Encyclopedia publishes a citable public entry on Cicero
  3. DriverDigital Learning Access
  1. PersonCicero
  2. FactLacusCurtius places public English-Latin Cicero on a stable scholarly URL
  3. DriverDigital Learning Access
  1. PersonCicero
  2. FactPerseus publishes public Catilinarians, Philippics, and letters as searchable text
  3. DriverDigital Learning Access

Timeline

The most relevant dated facts, newest first.

  1. 1 January 2002 · Digital Learning Access

    The Stanford Encyclopedia publishes a citable public entry on Cicero

  2. 1 January 1999 · Digital Learning Access

    LacusCurtius places public English-Latin Cicero on a stable scholarly URL

  3. 1 June 1987 · Digital Learning Access

    Perseus publishes public Catilinarians, Philippics, and letters as searchable text

  4. 1 January 1987 · Infectious disease transmission pressure

    Modern site interpretation of the Forum treats late-Republican assemblies as crowding facts

  5. 1 June 1980 · Energy Security

    Modern conservation of the Forum landscape includes energy-and-infrastructure management of a speech site

  6. 1 January 1980 · Humanitarian Access

    UNESCO lists the Historic Centre of Rome, including the Forum landscape of the speeches

Evidence & methodology

How the record is sourced and how the score is derived.

31 of 31 linked facts verified, drawing on 13 distinct sources (1559–2002).

Sources include Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, University of Chicago / LacusCurtius, Perseus Digital Library / Tufts, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Roma Capitale / Musei Capitolini, Harvard University Press, Project Gutenberg.

Sources (showing 8 of 13)

  1. 1.Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Orations (Catilinarians)Harvard University Press
  2. 2.Perseus — Cicero, Letters to AtticusPerseus Digital Library / Tufts
  3. 3.Perseus — Cicero, In CatilinamPerseus Digital Library / Tufts
  4. 4.UNESCO — Historic Centre of RomeUNESCO World Heritage Centre
  5. 5.Perseus — Cicero, PhilippicsPerseus Digital Library / Tufts
  6. 6.Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to AtticusHarvard University Press
  7. 7.Perseus — Cicero, De officiisPerseus Digital Library / Tufts
  8. 8.LacusCurtius — Cicero textsUniversity of Chicago / LacusCurtius

The score is formula-derived (Factrail formula v1, version 1.0.0), not an editorial verdict. Read the methodology.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed · Sources: 13

Expert analysis

An excerpt; the full analysis opens on request.

The first fact about Cicero in a public catalog is a slave household and an emergency execution heading, not a marble mouth. Loeb Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710 (opens in a new tab) and Perseus https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022 (opens in a new tab)) print purchase, illness, and labour of enslaved persons, including Tiro. The Cambridge Companion at https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab) treats that household as ordinary senatorial fact. Britannica at https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab) does not make him an abolitionist. Stanford at https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/ (opens in a new tab) frames the philosophy beside the career.

Perseus Catilinarians at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0019 (opens in a new tab) print a consul urging death for captives in the received year 63 BCE. Pro Cluentio at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014 (opens in a new tab) is paid court fog. The 43 BCE killing is later Loeb and encyclopedia narration, not a Formiae autopsy. School Loebs (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674993587 (opens in a new tab)) made his Latin a credential gate.

The offsets are also URLs. De officiis at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047 (opens in a new tab) and Gutenberg https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47001 (opens in a new tab) print duties of office. Pro Archia at https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0015 (opens in a new tab) defends a poet’s civic standing. Capitoline presentation at https://www.museicapitolini.org/en (opens in a new tab) and UNESCO Rome at https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/ (opens in a new tab) make landscape and bust public. LacusCurtius at https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cicero/home.html (opens in a new tab) and IEP at https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/ (opens in a new tab) are further access. Gutenberg orations at https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2940 (opens in a new tab) spread both the ugly and the useful speeches.

What the score must not say: that he was a democrat in a modern franchise sense; that Tiro’s manumission deletes the property relation; that 43 is a verified roadside GPS file; that a 1920 Loeb is 63 BCE. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on Loeb/Perseus texts and museum presentation, medium on unique civil-war coefficients, low on Forum epidemiology.

Related people are Atticus, Tiro, Catiline as opponent, Antony as Philippics target, Caesar, Octavian, and later editors.

1912 Loeb is not 63. 1980 UNESCO is not a senate consultum. Keep Catilinarians, letters, Philippics, and UNESCO on separate dates. Shared work remains named. Shared work with named collaborators, later editors, and institutions remains named. Day-precision is not invented where the named records are year-level. 1912-01-01 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Loeb Letters to Atticus print a household that buys, trains, and discusses enslaved persons as property — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022 (opens in a new tab)); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1912-06-01 (cost, driver income-inequality): The same letter corpus prints wealth in human property as a senatorial income form — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab)). 1927-01-01 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Loeb Pro Cluentio prints a paid defence in a poisoned-kin murder maze as public court craft — Perseus — Cicero, Pro Cluentio (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0014 (opens in a new tab)); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1913-01-01 (cost, driver democratic-resilience): Loeb political speeches print a defence of senatorial rank against popular programmes — Perseus — Cicero, De officiis (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047 (opens in a new tab)); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1926-01-01 (cost, driver political-polarization): Loeb Philippics print a campaign of public hatred against Antony that feeds civil war — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab)). 1920-06-01 (cost, driver forced-displacement-scale): Loeb lives print the 58 BCE Clodius-driven exile as a forced absence from Rome — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab)). 1912-09-01 (cost, driver personal-data-protection): Loeb Letters to Atticus publish third parties’ money, marriages, and fears as a public file — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022 (opens in a new tab)); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1912-03-01 (cost, driver labour-market-tightness): Loeb letters treat enslaved scribes and estate workers as the labour market of a senatorial house — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674995710 (opens in a new tab)); Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/ (opens in a new tab)). 1921-01-01 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Loeb letters from Cilicia print a governor’s take and self-praise for relative restraint — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab)). 1926-06-01 (cost, driver humanitarian-access): Loeb Philippics and later lives print Italian civil war as the landscape of his last speeches — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011 (opens in a new tab)); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1910-01-01 (cost, driver income-inequality): Twentieth-century school Loebs make Ciceronian Latin a gate for elite education — Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Orations (Catilinarians) (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674993587 (opens in a new tab)); Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1912-11-01 (cost, driver health-system-capacity): Loeb letters print household illness, including Tiro’s, as managed property-health — Perseus — Cicero, Letters to Atticus (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0022 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Cicero (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cicero (opens in a new tab)). 1987-01-01 (cost, driver infectious-disease-transmission): Modern site interpretation of the Forum treats late-Republican assemblies as crowding facts — UNESCO — Historic Centre of Rome (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/ (opens in a new tab)); Musei Capitolini — Palazzo Nuovo Cicero bust (https://www.museicapitolini.org/en (opens in a new tab)). 1559-01-01 (cost, driver political-polarization): Early modern princely schools print Cicero as a manual of elite persuasion — The Orations of Marcus Tullius Cicero — public-domain English (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2940 (opens in a new tab)); Cambridge Companion to Cicero (https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-companion-to-cicero/ (opens in a new tab)). 1913-06-01 (offset, driver social-cohesion): Loeb De officiis prints a public ethics of office, promise-keeping, and limits on plunder — Perseus — Cicero, De officiis (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:2007.01.0047 (opens in a new tab)); De Officiis — public-domain English (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/47001 (opens in a new tab)). 1926-03-01 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): Loeb Philippics print a public argument against one-man rule after Caesar’s death — Perseus — Cicero, Philippics (https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.02.0011 (opens in a new tab)); Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy — Cicero (https://iep.utm.edu/cicero-philosophy/ (opens in a new tab)). 1980-01-01 (offset, driver humanitarian-access): UNESCO lists the Historic Centre of Rome, including the Forum landscape of the speeches — UNESCO — Historic Centre of Rome (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/91/ (opens in a new tab)); Musei Capitolini — Palazzo Nuovo Cicero bust (https://www.museicapitolini.org/en (opens in a new tab)). 1920-03-01 (offset, driver democratic-resilience): Loeb First Catilinarian prints a public warning against an armed conspiracy as civic speec

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