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Loeb and Perseus Catilinarians print the consul’s public defence of executing captured conspirators without a full popular trial

Loeb/Perseus In Catilinam, especially the Fourth Catilinarian as later English, prints Cicero as consul urging the Senate to put Lentulus and others to death in 63 BCE as received chronology. In the causal graph this event weakens Judicial independence erosion (court capture), a driver that strengthens Rule of Law Gap from the Highest Governance Score — an improving welfare path.

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

Loeb/Perseus In Catilinam, especially the Fourth Catilinarian as later English, prints Cicero as consul urging the Senate to put Lentulus and others to death in 63 BCE as received chronology. It is not a death certificate invented here. Extra-judicial emergency killing is the harm path.

Context

A coup plot can be real and a consul can still skip a full trial. Split the speech-against-coup improving row.

Cicero is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Cicero

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.48 · verified

    Named orator as heading of later editions. Editors, printers, and later republican readers publish the instrument.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy — CiceroStanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Perseus — Cicero, In CatilinamPerseus Digital Library / Tufts · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorCicero
  2. contributed toFactLoeb and Perseus Catilinarians print the consul’s public defence of executing captured conspirators without a full popular trial
  3. weakensDriverJudicial independence erosion (court capture)
  4. strengthensIndicatorRule of Law Gap from the Highest Governance Score

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Loeb and Perseus Catilinarians print the consul’s public defence of executing captured conspirators without a full popular trial. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-catilinarians-executions

https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-catilinarians-executions

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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