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Standard Loeb lives and encyclopedia articles print Cicero’s 43 BCE proscription killing as received

Loeb introductions, Britannica, and later Plutarch-in-English print that the second triumvirate proscribed Cicero and that he was killed in 43 BCE. In the causal graph this event weakens Judicial independence erosion (court capture), a driver that strengthens Rule of Law Gap from the Highest Governance Score — an improving welfare path.

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

Loeb introductions, Britannica, and later Plutarch-in-English print that the second triumvirate proscribed Cicero and that he was killed in 43 BCE. The dated public carrier is that modern cluster, not a Formian coroner file.

Context

He did not write 43. Antony and Octavian’s later-narrated list did. Medium confidence on exact roadside details; high that the received public story is a proscription death.

Cicero is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Cicero

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.32 · verified

    Named orator as heading of later editions. Editors, printers, and later republican readers publish the instrument.

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Britannica — CiceroEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Harvard / Loeb — Cicero, Orations (Catilinarians)Harvard University Press · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish

Later competitions, monuments, translations, UNESCO listings, and museums are not converted into extra lifetime acts. That reading is an impact-path choice, not a property stored on the Fact itself. Confidence is stated on the impact path. A later English edition is not a recovered autograph. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here.

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorCicero
  2. contributed toFactStandard Loeb lives and encyclopedia articles print Cicero’s 43 BCE proscription killing as received
  3. weakensDriverJudicial independence erosion (court capture)
  4. strengthensIndicatorRule of Law Gap from the Highest Governance Score

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Standard Loeb lives and encyclopedia articles print Cicero’s 43 BCE proscription killing as received. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-proscription-death-43-as-later

https://factrail.ai/facts/cic-proscription-death-43-as-later

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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