Standard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power
Dated 1 September 1920: Standard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power. In the causal graph this event weakens Energy Security, a driver that strengthens Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population) — an improving welfare path.
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The dated public carrier is that modern cluster.
Context
Coins still show the prior fleet-and-portrait machine.
Cleopatra is not the sole author of every later object, law, or museum label that uses the name. Shared work with courts, excavators, printers, spouses, officials, and later states does not erase a documented role, and it does not make an ancient person the signer of a twentieth-century statute.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
Cleopatra
PersonDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.32 · verified
Named Ptolemaic queen as heading of coins and later narratives. Roman rivals, mint workers, and later studios share the instrument.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactStandard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power
- weakensDriverEnergy Security
- strengthensIndicators (4)Poverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
impact weight 0.4 · Effect from 1 September 1920 · verified
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.25 (weight 0.4 × strength 0.62)
Observed
10.4% · 10.2 above the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal7 readings, 2018–2024: fell from 11.1% to 10.4%.
Above normal = worse
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.24 (weight 0.4 × strength 0.6)
Observed
7.97% of population aged 16 years or over · 5.2 above the normal line (2025)
Worse than normal8 readings, 2018–2025: rose from 7.77% of population aged 16 years or over to 7.97% of population aged 16 years or over.
Above normal = worse
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.2 (weight 0.4 × strength 0.5)
Observed
91.6% of population · 8.4 below the normal line (2023)
Worse than normal4 readings, 2020–2023: rose from 90.4% of population to 91.6% of population.
Above normal = better
All indicators on this path (4)
- Better
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.19 (weight 0.4 × strength 0.48)
Observed
80 Years · 2.3 below the normal line (2023)
Worse than normal6 readings, 2018–2023: rose from 79.5 Years to 80 Years.
Above normal = better
Evidence
The sources behind this fact and its verification state.
- 1.Harvard / Loeb — Plutarch, AntonyHarvard University Press · High credibility · verified
- 2.Britannica — CleopatraEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish
Britannica and Loeb Antony print Actium (31 BCE as received) as the naval defeat that closed grain-and-fleet autonomy.
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorCleopatra
- contributed toFactStandard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power
- weakensDriverEnergy Security
- strengthensIndicatorPoverty headcount ratio at $3.00 a day (2021 PPP) (% of population)
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). Standard later accounts print the 31 BCE defeat at Actium as the end of Ptolemaic sea power. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-actium-31-as-later
https://factrail.ai/facts/cl-actium-31-as-later
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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