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statementVerified

Napoléon le Petit is issued from exile as a public brief against the 2 December coup

In 1852 Hugo issued Napoléon le Petit, a public prose attack on Louis-Napoléon’s coup. In the causal graph this event strengthens Democratic Resilience, a driver that strengthens Having a say in government — an improving welfare path.

Sources: [1][2]

Read the full account

In 1852 Hugo issued Napoléon le Petit, a public prose attack on Louis-Napoléon’s coup.

Context

He had been closer to the name in 1848. Split Châtiments as polarising lyric.

Victor Hugo’s documented role is bounded by other offices and collaborators named in the sources below.

Why it matters

1852 is not 1879 Africa.

Who was responsible

Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.

  • Victor Hugo

    Person

    Direct responsibility

    responsibility level 0.55 · verified

What changed

Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.

    1. FactNapoléon le Petit is issued from exile as a public brief against the 2 December coup
    2. strengthensDriverDemocratic Resilience
    3. strengthensIndicators (3)Having a say in government
    Improving path

    impact weight 0.5 · Effect from 1 August 1852 · verified

    • Having a say in government

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.35 (weight 0.5 × strength 0.7)

      Observed

      29.8% of population aged 16-65 years · 8.13 below the normal line (2023)

      Worse than normal

      Two readings: 30.2% of population aged 16-65 years (2021) and 29.8% of population aged 16-65 years (2023).

      20212023

      Above normal = better

    • Clean elections index

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.23 (weight 0.5 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      0.53 score from 0 to 1 · 0.34 below the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      125 readings, 1900–2024: rose from 0.17 score from 0 to 1 to 0.53 score from 0 to 1.

      Above normal = better

    • WJP Rule of Law Index (global)

      via Democratic Resilience

      Better

      Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.23 (weight 0.5 × strength 0.45)

      Observed

      0.55 index score (0-1) · 0.26 below the normal line (2024)

      Worse than normal

      Above normal = better

Evidence

The sources behind this fact and its verification state.

Verified2 sources on file
  1. 1.Britannica — Victor HugoEncyclopaedia Britannica · High credibility · verified
  2. 2.Gallica — Bibliothèque nationale de FranceBibliothèque nationale de France · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish

Gallica/Gutenberg author holdings and Britannica independently date the 1852 pamphlet-book.

Established: 1852 public Napoléon le Petit. Not established: that it uniquely caused 4 September 1870.

Contribution type is direct.

Later museums, UNESCO listings, Loeb reprints, and 2024–2025 COP or NATO rows are not this event. Responsibility 0.55 and influence 0.55 bound the path; they are not a personality score. If a number is not in the two records named above, it is not supplied here. Readers should open both named URLs.

Causal path

How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.

  1. ActorVictor Hugo
  2. contributed toFactNapoléon le Petit is issued from exile as a public brief against the 2 December coup
  3. strengthensDriverDemocratic Resilience
  4. strengthensIndicatorHaving a say in government

Cite this page

Factrail. (2026). Napoléon le Petit is issued from exile as a public brief against the 2 December coup. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/hug-napoleon-le-petit-1852

https://factrail.ai/facts/hug-napoleon-le-petit-1852

Accessed 16 October 2026.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed

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