Anna Karenina is completed as a dated 1870s serial-and-book instrument
In the 1870s Tolstoy serialised Anna Karenina, conventionally completed in 1877. In the causal graph this event strengthens Digital Learning Access, a driver that weakens Learning Poverty Rate (low- and middle-income countries) — an improving welfare path.
Read the full account
In the 1870s Tolstoy serialised Anna Karenina, conventionally completed in 1877. It is not a later stage adaptation and not a recovered civil-registry of any one heroine.
Context
Tolstoy.ru and Gutenberg independently make the text public. The novel’s adultery plot is fiction; it is not stored here as a private allegation against a living person. Later school editions are other people’s instruments.
Leo Tolstoy’s documented role is bounded by other offices and collaborators named in the sources below.
Conventional years are 1828–1910. Surviving public files are later museum pages, collected-works sites, library catalogues, and encyclopedias. Tolstoy did not typeset those later pages.
Why it matters
Knowledge-access path. High confidence on the 1870s print.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
Leo Tolstoy
PersonDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.4 · verified
He wrote the novel. The Russian Messenger serialised it. Complex shared print.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactAnna Karenina is completed as a dated 1870s serial-and-book instrument
- strengthensDriverDigital Learning Access
- weakensIndicators (3)Learning Poverty Rate (low- and middle-income countries)
impact weight 0.45 · Effect from 1 January 1877 · verified
A completed society novel increased public access to a reading of marriage, law, and rural labour as fiction.
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.18 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.4)
Observed
70% of 10-year-olds · 70 above the normal line (2022)
Worse than normalTwo readings: 57% of 10-year-olds (2019) and 70% of 10-year-olds (2022).
20192022 Above normal = worse
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.16 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.35)
Observed
472 PISA score points · 28 below the normal line (2022)
Worse than normal7 readings, 2003–2022: fell from 499 PISA score points to 472 PISA score points.
Above normal = better
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.14 (weight 0.45 × strength 0.3)
Observed
11% of primary-school-age children · 11 above the normal line (2023)
Worse than normalAbove normal = worse
Evidence
The sources behind this fact and its verification state.
- 1.Anna Karenina — public-domain English textProject Gutenberg · High credibility · verified
- 2.Tolstoy.ru — collected works and estate portalState Tolstoy Museum / Tolstoy.ru · High credibility · verified
What the sources establish
Tolstoy.ru and Project Gutenberg independently describe Anna Karenina as a 1870s completed work.
Established: Anna Karenina was completed in the 1870s, conventionally 1877. Not established: a unique divorce-law coefficient from the tale.
Leo Tolstoy did not file a later UNESCO form, a later Loeb colophon, or a later museum label as a personal act. A serial is not a statute. Keep the 1870s book off the 1901 Synod row. A serial is not a statute.
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorLeo Tolstoy
- contributed toFactAnna Karenina is completed as a dated 1870s serial-and-book instrument
- strengthensDriverDigital Learning Access
- weakensIndicatorLearning Poverty Rate (low- and middle-income countries)
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). Anna Karenina is completed as a dated 1870s serial-and-book instrument. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/lt-anna-karenina-1877
https://factrail.ai/facts/lt-anna-karenina-1877
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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