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Tutankhamun

Tutankhamun

0

Near balanceFormula-derived score

Eighteenth-Dynasty boy-king whose tomb, opened in 1922, is known from Carter’s Griffith Institute archive, Cairo display of the gold mask, UNESCO Thebes, and later CT and DNA papers. The most recent verified record is “Work resumes under a settlement that tightens Egyptian title against partage assumptions” (1 January 1925), linked to the driver Judicial Independence.

Post-Amarna restoration of Amun under a child cartouchegold burial as imperial extraction made visible in 1922modern heritage politics of exclusive news concession and national title

Impact

Not rated yet: the verified records linked to this person, without a numeric impact.

Editorial assessment (context, not the score)

The dossier is not a golden child and not only a colonial theft story. The heaviest documented costs in later records are the 1925 unwrap, news and image exclusives, ancient and modern governance fights over the tomb, touring rent, remains-exposure, and a restoration policy that reversed Amarna under a boy’s name. The offsets are real: public diaries and cards, objects that stayed in Egypt, UNESCO ground, CT that improved on knives, and exhibitions that also named Egyptian labour.

He did not file 1979 or 2010. Carter, Carnarvon, Hawass, and ministries did that work. Confidence is high on 1922–2014 acts, medium on stela authorship, low on curses and hidden queens.

Indicators affected

Indicators this person’s verified facts reach. No score contribution is assigned; the observed state is the indicator’s own reading.

Accountability & contradictions

Claims against the record, the type of responsibility, and what is disputed.

Claimed

What happened

Responsibility

What could change this assessment

  • 5 linked facts have no assessed welfare direction yet.
  • Lifetime coverage has not been assessed: the record reflects stored facts only (1922–2022).

Causal path

Person → Fact → Driver → Indicator. Select a path to inspect its factors; the full network opens on demand.

  1. PersonTutankhamun
  2. FactThe Bodleian exhibits Carter’s archive for the centenary, including Egyptian team labour
  3. DriverSocial Cohesion
  1. PersonTutankhamun
  2. FactReeves’s 2015 hidden-chamber theory is published and globally captioned as Nefertiti in KV62
  3. DriverInstitutional Corruption
  1. PersonTutankhamun
  2. FactEgypt’s monuments administration publishes a public national claim and care frame for KV62
  3. DriverDemocratic Resilience

Timeline

The most relevant dated facts, newest first.

  1. 13 April 2022 · Social Cohesion

    The Bodleian exhibits Carter’s archive for the centenary, including Egyptian team labour

  2. 1 August 2015 · Institutional Corruption

    Reeves’s 2015 hidden-chamber theory is published and globally captioned as Nefertiti in KV62

  3. 1 January 2015 · Democratic Resilience

    Egypt’s monuments administration publishes a public national claim and care frame for KV62

  4. 1 August 2014 · Institutional Corruption

    Egyptian Museum staff glue the mask’s detached beard back with epoxy, later reported as a botch

  5. 17 February 2010 · Health system capacity stress

    The 2010 JAMA paper publishes malaria and bone-pathology findings as a cautious medical record

  6. 17 February 2010 · Protection of Minority Rights

    2010 DNA-and-press cluster narrates Ankhesenamun as a sister-wife in a medical-political plot

Evidence & methodology

How the record is sourced and how the score is derived.

32 of 32 linked facts verified, drawing on 14 distinct sources (1922–2022).

Sources include Bodleian Libraries / University of Oxford, National Geographic, Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt, Journal of the American Medical Association, Grand Egyptian Museum, Griffith Institute / University of Oxford, UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Amarna Project / University of Cambridge.

Sources (showing 8 of 14)

  1. 1.Griffith Institute — Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an ExcavationGriffith Institute / University of Oxford
  2. 2.Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities — monumentsMinistry of Tourism and Antiquities, Egypt
  3. 3.JAMA 2010 — Ancestry and pathology in Tutankhamun’s familyJournal of the American Medical Association
  4. 4.British Museum — Moost Happi medal heritageThe British Museum
  5. 5.Britannica — TutankhamunEncyclopaedia Britannica
  6. 6.Howard Carter’s diary and journal 1922 — Griffith InstituteGriffith Institute / University of Oxford
  7. 7.The Amarna ProjectAmarna Project / University of Cambridge
  8. 8.Met Heilbrunn — Tutankhamun’s tomb (Timeline of Art History)Metropolitan Museum of Art

The score is formula-derived (Factrail formula v1, version 1.0.0), not an editorial verdict. Read the methodology.

By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed · Sources: 14

Expert analysis

An excerpt; the full analysis opens on request.

The first fact about Tutankhamun is a source limit. Almost everything with a calendar date that a modern catalog can store without inventing a BCE timestamp is a later instrument: a diary, a newspaper exclusive, an unwrap, a museum tour, a CT, a DNA paper, a glue repair, a World Heritage file. Treating the gold mask as a speech is naive. Treating the king as only a 1922 brand is evasive.

The harms that survive in dated public records are not all colonial cartoons. Ancient robbery holes are in Carter’s own publication. The 1925 unwrap destroyed wrappings to free gold. The Times exclusive and Burton copyright gated news and images. 1924 was a title fight. 1970s tours extracted rent and stressed objects. 2014 epoxy was a conservation failure. 2010 DNA-plus-press made a girl-queen and a malaria parasite into a soap opera. Restoration-stela editions show Amun’s return as a court policy under a child’s cartouche, with Ay and the temples as co-authors. Horemheb’s later recuttings attacked names. Press death-dogmas from 1968 onward sold murder as fact.

The offsets are also dated. 4 and 26 November 1922 journals are public primaries. Griffith’s archive and object cards made the find checkable. UNESCO 1979 and GEM are conservation-industrial frames. The 1972 exhibition was mass access even as it pooled tickets in London. 2005 CT improved on the unwrap. A 1925-era settlement kept objects in Egypt. Cairo display of the mask is a domestic icon, unlike Berlin’s Nefertiti. The 2022 Bodleian show named Egyptian staff. Amarna Project publications bound the mask with a city.

What the score must not say: that the king wrote a restoration essay in a modern voice; that a curse killed Carnarvon as a supernatural Fact; that JAMA closed the family novel; that Reeves opened a queen’s chamber; that 1972 washed 1922; that gold is a welfare state. Complex contribution is the honest type. Confidence is high on 1922–2022 diaries, listings, and museum acts, medium on stela policy authorship, low on hidden rooms and murder.

1922 is not 1330. 2010 is a journal. 2014 is glue. Off-family indicator padding is refused. Related people are Amarna kin, successors, and excavators. Nefertiti is already a public Person page; Carter and Carnarvon may be stubs.

The useful question is not whether Tutankhamun was a weak child. It is which dated later instruments still move knowledge, title, remains, rent, and cult, and how much of that movement can be attributed to a short cartouche without invention. Dated later instruments, not a recovered palace diary, remain the public record. Shared work remains named. Shared work with named collaborators, later editors, and institutions remains named. Day-precision is not invented where the named records are year-level. 1924-02-12 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Egyptian authorities lock the tomb after a dispute over access and division — Howard Carter’s diary and journal 1922 — Griffith Institute (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/4sea1not.html (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)). 1923-01-01 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Carter’s published record documents ancient robbery holes in KV62 — Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen — scan (https://archive.org/details/tombofTutankhame01cart (opens in a new tab)); Griffith Institute — Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/ (opens in a new tab)). 1925-11-11 (cost, driver humanitarian-access): Carter’s team unwraps the mummy in the tomb, destroying wrappings for gold and anatomy — Griffith Institute — Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)). 1923-04-05 (cost, driver political-polarization): Press turns Carnarvon’s 5 April 1923 death into a public ‘curse of the pharaohs’ — Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)); National Geographic — Tutankhamun (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/king-tut (opens in a new tab)). 2014-08-01 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Egyptian Museum staff glue the mask’s detached beard back with epoxy, later reported as a botch — Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities — monuments (https://egymonuments.gov.eg/ (opens in a new tab)); Guardian — Tutankhamun mask beard glued back on (https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2015/jan/22/tutankhamun-mask-beard-glued-back-on-botched-repair (opens in a new tab)). 2010-02-17 (cost, driver personal-data-protection): JAMA publishes a family DNA and pathology paper that the press reads as a closed royal novel — JAMA 2010 — Ancestry and pathology in Tutankhamun’s family (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393 (opens in a new tab)); Nature news — Tutankhamun family DNA study and disputes (https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2010.35 (opens in a new tab)). 2015-08-01 (cost, driver institutional-corruption): Reeves’s 2015 hidden-chamber theory is published and globally captioned as Nefertiti in KV62 — National Geographic — Reeves hidden-chamber theory (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/150828-nefertiti-tomb-king-tut-egypt-archaeology (opens in a new tab)); Nature news — Tutankhamun family DNA study and disputes (https://www.nature.com/articles/news.2010.35 (opens in a new tab)). 1927-01-01 (cost, driver political-polarization): Twentieth-century editions print the Restoration Stela as a court reversal of Amarna cult — Met Heilbrunn — Tutankhamun’s tomb (Timeline of Art History) (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tuta/hd_tuta.htm (opens in a new tab)); The Amarna Project (https://www.amarnaproject.com/ (opens in a new tab)). 1972-01-01 (cost, driver income-inequality): The 1972 London Treasures of Tutankhamun show concentrates ticket rent outside Egypt’s then museums — British Museum (https://www.britishmuseum.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)). 2010-02-17 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): 2010 DNA-and-press cluster narrates Ankhesenamun as a sister-wife in a medical-political plot — JAMA 2010 — Ancestry and pathology in Tutankhamun’s family (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393 (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)). 1927-01-01 (cost, driver protection-of-minority-rights): Modern epigraphy prints Horemheb’s later recutting of Tutankhamun’s public names — The Amarna Project (https://www.amarnaproject.com/ (opens in a new tab)); Met Heilbrunn — Tutankhamun’s tomb (Timeline of Art History) (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tuta/hd_tuta.htm (opens in a new tab)). 1922-12-01 (cost, driver income-inequality): Harry Burton’s excavation photographs circulate under European expedition control — Griffith Institute — Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/ (opens in a new tab)); Met Heilbrunn — Tutankhamun’s tomb (Timeline of Art History) (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tuta/hd_tuta.htm (opens in a new tab)). 1976-01-01 (cost, driver humanitarian-access): 1970s international tours put the objects through repeated packing, climate, and crowd stress — British Museum (https://www.britishmuseum.org/ (opens in a new tab)); National Geographic — Tutankhamun (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/king-tut (opens in a new tab)). 1968-01-01 (cost, driver infectious-disease-transmission): Harrison’s 1968 x-rays and later press dogmas circulate rival ‘murder’ and ‘chariot’ causes of death — Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)); JAMA 2010 — Ancestry and pathology in Tutankhamun’s family (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393 (opens in a new tab)). 1923-01-01 (cost, driver industrial-policy-activism): Carter’s catalogue of gold objects is published as evidence of extractive Nubian and imperial metal flows — Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen — scan (https://archive.org/details/tombofTutankhame01cart (opens in a new tab)); Met Heilbrunn — Tutankhamun’s tomb (Timeline of Art History) (https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/tuta/hd_tuta.htm (opens in a new tab)). 1979-01-01 (offset, driver humanitarian-access): UNESCO lists Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis, including the Valley of the Kings — UNESCO — Ancient Thebes with its Necropolis (https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/87/ (opens in a new tab)); Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities — monuments (https://egymonuments.gov.eg/ (opens in a new tab)). 1972-03-30 (offset, driver social-cohesion): The British Museum opens Treasures of Tutankhamun as a mass public exhibition — British Museum (https://www.britishmuseum.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Britannica — Tutankhamun (https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tutankhamun (opens in a new tab)). 2005-01-06 (offset, driver health-system-capacity): A CT scan of the mummy is published as a less invasive pathology instrument — National Geographic — Tutankhamun (https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/king-tut (opens in a new tab)); JAMA 2010 — Ancestry and pathology in Tutankhamun’s family (https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/185393 (opens in a new tab)). 2002-01-01 (offset, driver industrial-policy-activism): Egypt launches the Grand Egyptian Museum project as a national home for the Tutankhamun corpus — Grand Egyptian Museum (https://grandegyptianmuseum.org/ (opens in a new tab)); Egypt Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities — monuments (https://egymonuments.gov.eg/ (opens in a new tab)). 2022-04-13 (offset, driver social-cohesion): The Bodleian exhibits Carter’s archive for the centenary, including Egyptian team labour — Bodleian — Tutankhamun: Excavating the Archive (2022) (https://visit.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/event/tutankhamun-excavating-the-archive (opens in a new tab)); Griffith Institute — Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation (http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/ (opens in a new tab)).

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