EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) Enters Into Force and Designates Gatekeepers
The DMA entered into force on 1 November 2022 and became applicable on 2 May 2023; in September 2023 the European Commission designated six gatekeepers - Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft - imposing fairness/interoperability obligations on their core platform services, with fines up to 10% (20% for repeat) of worldwide turnover.
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The DMA entered into force on 1 November 2022 and became applicable on 2 May 2023; in September 2023 the European Commission designated six gatekeepers - Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, ByteDance, Meta and Microsoft - imposing fairness/interoperability obligations on their core platform services, with fines up to 10% (20% for repeat) of worldwide turnover.
Who was responsible
Contribution type and responsibility level for each recorded actor — not sole-author shorthand.
European Commission
OrganizationDirect responsibility
responsibility level 0.8 · verified
The Commission authored the DMA framework and directly designated the gatekeeper firms, the decisive actor constraining platform concentration.
What changed
Fact → Driver → Indicator. Relationship strength orders the paths; it is not the observed indicator movement.
- FactEU Digital Markets Act (DMA) Enters Into Force and Designates Gatekeepers
- strengthensDriverDigital-Rights and Platform-Power Regulation
- strengthensIndicators (4)Alternative sources of information index
impact weight 0.75 · Effect from 6 September 2023 · verified
The DMA extends the digital-rights/platform-power regulatory driver from privacy into competition and gatekeeper control.
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.39 (weight 0.75 × strength 0.52)
Observed
0.62 score from 0 to 1 · 0.23 below the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal125 readings, 1900–2024: rose from 0.35 score from 0 to 1 to 0.62 score from 0 to 1.
Above normal = better
Weakens · Relationship strength 0.34 (weight 0.75 × strength 0.45)
Observed
45 Score · 45 above the normal line (2024)
Worse than normal7 readings, 2018–2024: rose from 43.8 Score to 45 Score.
Normal is zero · any amount = worse
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.3 (weight 0.75 × strength 0.4)
Above normal = better
All indicators on this path (4)
Strengthens · Relationship strength 0.26 (weight 0.75 × strength 0.35)
Observed
0.55 index score (0-1) · 0.26 below the normal line (2024)
Worse than normalAbove normal = better
Causal path
How this event connects to drivers and indicators in the graph.
- ActorEuropean Commission
- contributed toFactEU Digital Markets Act (DMA) Enters Into Force and Designates Gatekeepers
- strengthensDriverDigital-Rights and Platform-Power Regulation
- strengthensIndicatorAlternative sources of information index
Cite this page
Factrail. (2026). EU Digital Markets Act (DMA) Enters Into Force and Designates Gatekeepers. Factrail. https://factrail.ai/facts/tech-eu-digital-markets-act
https://factrail.ai/facts/tech-eu-digital-markets-act
Accessed 16 October 2026.
By the Factrail desk · Method: how we source and score · Last reviewed
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