Welfare indicators

Global deaths from organized violence (UCDP)Annual global best-estimate fatalities across UCDP's state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence categories.security
Under-five mortality rate (global)## What it measures Under-five mortality rate (global) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 25. It belongs to **child-health**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **deaths per 1,000 live births**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-3.2.1#SH_DYN_MORT#Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 25 is reconciled to the exact official series “Under-five mortality rate (global)” in deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 25, the provider definition is: Under-five mortality rate, by sex (deaths per 1,000 live births). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 3.2.1, series SH_DYN_MORT, constrained to Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 25 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 25 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=3.2.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=3.2.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 25 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 preserves the existing canonical observation and its original Source and Evidence; 2024 preserves the existing canonical observation and its original Source and Evidence. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 25 NormalLine starts on 2015-09-25 at **25 deaths per 1,000 live births**. The preserved canonical NormalLine is the SDG 3.2 target: by 2030 every country should reduce under-five mortality to at most 25 deaths per 1,000 live births. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 25 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 39.961798 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2019: 39.56592749 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2020: 39.15584678 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2021: 39.60780276 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2022: 39.97699239 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2023: 36.72 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2024: 37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births. The first observation is **39.961798 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018** and the latest is **37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024**. The absolute change is -2.561798 deaths per 1,000 live births, equivalent to -6.41061746021% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 36.72 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the maximum is 39.97699239 deaths per 1,000 live births. For catalog item 25, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **12.4 deaths per 1,000 live births** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 25 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 25 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-3.2.1#SH_DYN_MORT#Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Under-five mortality rate (global) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 25, importance weight **0.95** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 25 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 25 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.child-health
Learning Poverty Rate (low- and middle-income countries)Share of 10-year-olds in low- and middle-income countries who are unable to read and understand a simple text. A combined measure of schooling deprivation (out-of-school) and learning deprivation (below minimum reading proficiency), introduced by the World Bank and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics in 2019.Education quality / foundational learning
Access to electricity (share of world population)Share of the global population with access to electricity. A foundational welfare indicator: electricity access underpins health care, education, refrigeration, communications and economic opportunity, and the remaining gap is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa.Energy access
Global CO2 emissions per capitaAverage annual fossil and industrial CO2 emissions per person worldwide, calculated by dividing global production-based CO2 emissions by world population. A core welfare-relevant climate pressure indicator: higher per-capita emissions drive accumulated atmospheric CO2 and warming.climate
Global Consumer Price Inflation (annual %)World aggregate annual percentage change in average consumer prices, as compiled by the IMF World Economic Outlook. A core cost-of-living welfare indicator: high inflation erodes real wages and savings, hitting low-income households hardest. Moderate, stable inflation near 2% is generally treated as healthy by central banks; the 2022 spike to ~8.7% was the highest global reading in decades.macroeconomic stability
Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World## What it measures Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 111. It belongs to **digital inclusion**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **% of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-17.8.1#IT_USE_ii99#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 111 is reconciled to the exact official series “Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World” in % of population. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 111, the provider definition is: Proportion of individuals using the Internet (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 17.8.1, series IT_USE_ii99, constrained to Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 111 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 111 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=17.8.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=17.8.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 111 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2024 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2025 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 111 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **100 % of population**. The additional coverage NormalLine uses the preserved canonical full-inclusion benchmark of 100 percent; its earlier date covers the added 2018-2025 official observations without altering the existing 2024 line. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 111 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 49.4 % of population; 2019: 53.9 % of population; 2020: 60.1 % of population; 2021: 63.8 % of population; 2022: 67 % of population; 2023: 69.2 % of population; 2024: 71.2 % of population; 2025: 73.6 % of population. The first observation is **49.4 % of population in 2018** and the latest is **73.6 % of population in 2025**. The absolute change is 24.2 % of population, equivalent to 48.987854251% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 49.4 % of population, and the maximum is 73.6 % of population. For catalog item 111, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-26.4 % of population** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 111 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 111 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-17.8.1#IT_USE_ii99#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 111, importance weight **0.9** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.8, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.8. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2025 sequence for item 111 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 111 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.digital inclusion
People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (IDMC)Total number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in displacement at the end of each year as a result of armed conflict and violence, as monitored by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). This is a stock (people still displaced), not annual new movements. Higher values indicate a larger population uprooted by insecurity.security
WJP Rule of Law Index (global)Factrail global observation derived as the unweighted mean of all 142 country and jurisdiction scores published by WJP for 2024, rounded to the source table’s two-decimal precision. WJP does not publish this as a headline world average.Rule of law / governance
[ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%)## What it measures [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 97. It belongs to **Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with income security and access to benefits across age, disability, employment, and household circumstances. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_DISAB#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 97 is reconciled to the exact official series “[ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%)” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 97, the provider definition is: [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 1.3.1, series SI_COV_DISAB, constrained to Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 97 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 97 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=1.3.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=1.3.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 97 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 97 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **38.7 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 97 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 33.9 PERCENT; 2019: 34.2 PERCENT; 2020: 36.2 PERCENT; 2021: 38.1 PERCENT; 2022: 39 PERCENT; 2023: 38.9 PERCENT. The first observation is **33.9 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **38.9 PERCENT in 2023**. The absolute change is 5 PERCENT, equivalent to 14.7492625369% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 33.9 PERCENT, and the maximum is 39 PERCENT. For catalog item 97, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **0.2 PERCENT** and is classified as **positive** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 97 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 97 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_DISAB#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 97, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 97 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 97 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity
[ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older## What it measures [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 93. It belongs to **Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with income security and access to benefits across age, disability, employment, and household circumstances. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_UEMP#Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 93 is reconciled to the exact official series “[ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 93, the provider definition is: [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 1.3.1, series SI_COV_UEMP, constrained to Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 93 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 93 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=1.3.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=1.3.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 93 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 93 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **16.7 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 93 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 15.4 PERCENT; 2019: 15.9 PERCENT; 2020: 16.3 PERCENT; 2021: 16.7 PERCENT; 2022: 16.8 PERCENT; 2023: 16.7 PERCENT. The first observation is **15.4 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **16.7 PERCENT in 2023**. The absolute change is 1.3 PERCENT, equivalent to 8.44155844156% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 15.4 PERCENT, and the maximum is 16.8 PERCENT. For catalog item 93, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **0 PERCENT** and is classified as **neutral** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 93 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 93 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_UEMP#Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 93, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 93 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 93 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity
Access to justice index## What it measures Access to justice index is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 77. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **score from 0 to 1**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `DATA360#VDEM_CORE#VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST#AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T#identity`. Candidate 77 is broader or differently denominated than “Access to justice index” in score from 0 to 1. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 77, the provider definition is: Question: Do citizens enjoy secure and effective access to justice? Scale: Interval, from low to high (0-1). That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 77 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 77 were retrieved from **V-Dem Core** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=VDEM_CORE&INDICATOR=VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 77 follows this provider method: The World Bank Data360 API supplies country observations for the exact database, series, and dimension tuple. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean and preserves the dataset version metadata. 2018 combines 174 reporting economies; 2019 combines 174 reporting economies; 2020 combines 174 reporting economies; 2021 combines 174 reporting economies; 2022 combines 174 reporting economies; 2023 combines 174 reporting economies; 2024 combines 174 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 77 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0.869 score from 0 to 1**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 77 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1; 2019: 0.6404885057 score from 0 to 1; 2020: 0.637408046 score from 0 to 1; 2021: 0.6341551724 score from 0 to 1; 2022: 0.6301494253 score from 0 to 1; 2023: 0.6304310345 score from 0 to 1; 2024: 0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1. The first observation is **0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1 in 2018** and the latest is **0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1 in 2024**. The absolute change is -0.0185517241 score from 0 to 1, equivalent to -2.89104831256% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1, and the maximum is 0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1. For catalog item 77, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.2458563218 score from 0 to 1** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 77 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 77 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `DATA360#VDEM_CORE#VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST#AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Access to justice index can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 77, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 77 is broader or differently denominated than “Access to justice index” in score from 0 to 1. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 77 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 77 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization## What it measures Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 118. It belongs to **Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **percent of adolescent girls**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe**, and the immutable numerical identity is `PUBLISHED-REPORT#WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5#identity`. Candidate 118 is broader or differently denominated than “Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization” in percent of adolescent girls. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 118, the provider definition is: Share of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old girls reporting that they had been cyberbullied at least once or twice in the past couple of months. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 118 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 118 were retrieved from **A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada** through https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/1d8d101a-e414-4635-a1dc-5cb50ed2b5da/content. The provider landing page is https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/376323. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `report=WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 118 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 40 reporting economies; 2022 combines 44 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 118 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **13.75 percent of adolescent girls**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 118 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 13 percent of adolescent girls; 2022: 16 percent of adolescent girls. The first observation is **13 percent of adolescent girls in 2018** and the latest is **16 percent of adolescent girls in 2022**. The absolute change is 3 percent of adolescent girls, equivalent to 23.0769230769% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 13 percent of adolescent girls, and the maximum is 16 percent of adolescent girls. For catalog item 118, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **2.25 percent of adolescent girls** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 2 retained item 118 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. HBSC is fielded on a four-year survey cycle. The report supplies the two comparable 2018 and 2022 waves; intervening years are not observations and are not interpolated. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 118 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `PUBLISHED-REPORT#WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 118, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 118 is broader or differently denominated than “Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization” in percent of adolescent girls. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2022 sequence for item 118 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 118 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety
Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education## What it measures Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 53. It belongs to **Education, Skills, and Human Development**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with learning, educational progression, capabilities, and access to future opportunities. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-4.1.2#SE_TOT_CPLR#Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 53 is reconciled to the exact official series “Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 53, the provider definition is: Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 4.1.2, series SE_TOT_CPLR, constrained to Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 53 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 53 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=4.1.2&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=4.1.2. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 53 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2024 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 53 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **60.1 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 53 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 56.1 PERCENT; 2019: 57.1 PERCENT; 2020: 58.1 PERCENT; 2021: 59 PERCENT; 2022: 59.8 PERCENT; 2023: 60.4 PERCENT; 2024: 61.1 PERCENT. The first observation is **56.1 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **61.1 PERCENT in 2024**. The absolute change is 5 PERCENT, equivalent to 8.91265597148% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 56.1 PERCENT, and the maximum is 61.1 PERCENT. For catalog item 53, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **1 PERCENT** and is classified as **positive** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 53 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 53 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-4.1.2#SE_TOT_CPLR#Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 53, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 53 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 53 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Education, Skills, and Human Development
CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)## What it measures CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 78. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **Score [SCORE]**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WDI#IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ#identity`. Candidate 78 is broader or differently denominated than “CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)” in Score [SCORE]. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 78, the provider definition is: The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) measures the extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework supports sustainable growth and poverty reduction, and consequently the effective use of development assistance. The outcome of the exercise yields both an overall score and scores for sixteen criteria that compose the CPIA. These criteria include: A. Economic Management (1. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies; 2. Fiscal Policy; 3. Debt Policy and Management), B. Structural Policies (4. Trade; 5. Financial Sector; 6. Business Regulatory Environment), C. Policies for Social Inclusion/Equity (7. Gender equality; 8. Equity of public resource use; 9. Building human resources; 10. Social protection and labor; 11. Policies and institutions for environmental sustainability), D. Public Sector Management and Institutions (12. Property rights and rule-based governance; 13. Quality of budgetary and financial management; 14. Efficiency of revenue mobilization; 15. Quality of public administration; 16. Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public... That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 78 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 78 were retrieved from **World Development Indicators (WDI)** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=WB_WDI&INDICATOR=WB_WDI_IQ_CPA_TRAN_XQ&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `country=all`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 78 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 73 reporting economies; 2019 combines 75 reporting economies; 2020 combines 73 reporting economies; 2021 combines 72 reporting economies; 2022 combines 74 reporting economies; 2023 combines 74 reporting economies; 2024 combines 77 reporting economies; 2025 combines 78 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 78 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **3.5 Score [SCORE]**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 78 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 2.842466 Score [SCORE]; 2019: 2.846667 Score [SCORE]; 2020: 2.856164 Score [SCORE]; 2021: 2.868056 Score [SCORE]; 2022: 2.851351 Score [SCORE]; 2023: 2.817568 Score [SCORE]; 2024: 2.779221 Score [SCORE]; 2025: 2.75 Score [SCORE]. The first observation is **2.842466 Score [SCORE] in 2018** and the latest is **2.75 Score [SCORE] in 2025**. The absolute change is -0.092466 Score [SCORE], equivalent to -3.2530204407% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 2.75 Score [SCORE], and the maximum is 2.868056 Score [SCORE]. For catalog item 78, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.75 Score [SCORE]** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 78 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 78 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WDI#IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 78, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 78 is broader or differently denominated than “CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)” in Score [SCORE]. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2025 sequence for item 78 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 78 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita## What it measures Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 113. It belongs to **Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **percent of monthly GNI per capita**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **International Telecommunication Union**, and the immutable numerical identity is `ITU-ICT-PRICE#i271mb_1GB5_GNI#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 113 is reconciled to the exact official series “Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita” in percent of monthly GNI per capita. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 113, the provider definition is: Official ITU data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB price basket expressed as a percentage of monthly GNI per capita. Factrail keeps this exact basket identity and does not splice later editions with different data allowances. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 113 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 113 were retrieved from **ITU ICT Price Baskets 2008-2025** through https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/ICT_Prices/ITU_ICTPriceBaskets_2008-2025.xlsx. The provider landing page is https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/ICTprices/default.aspx. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `basket=data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB;denominator=monthly-GNI-per-capita`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 113 follows this provider method: The ITU historical workbook supplies economy observations for one exact price-basket code and denominator. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean and does not join editions whose data allowances changed. 2018 combines 184 reporting economies; 2019 combines 183 reporting economies; 2020 combines 188 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 113 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0.81 percent of monthly GNI per capita**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 113 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita; 2019: 4.3357923497 percent of monthly GNI per capita; 2020: 3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita. The first observation is **4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita in 2018** and the latest is **3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita in 2020**. The absolute change is -1.4752705828 percent of monthly GNI per capita, equivalent to -30.1677914243% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita, and the maximum is 4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita. For catalog item 113, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **2.6049468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 3 retained item 113 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The exact ITU data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket is published for 2018-2020. Later ITU editions use different 2 GB and 5 GB baskets, which are not spliced into this series because they are not the same measurement identity. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 113 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `ITU-ICT-PRICE#i271mb_1GB5_GNI#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 113, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2020 sequence for item 113 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 113 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety
Exposed to air pollution## What it measures Exposed to air pollution is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 102. It belongs to **Environment and Living Conditions**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with environmental exposures, resource stewardship, waste, climate pressure, and liveable surroundings. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_2#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 102 is reconciled to the exact official series “Exposed to air pollution” in Percentage of population. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 102, the provider definition is: Exposed to air pollution in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 102 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 102 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 102 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 46 reporting economies; 2019 combines 46 reporting economies; 2020 combines 46 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 102 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **99.16329 Percentage of population**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 102 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 97.5510432609 Percentage of population; 2019: 96.8390819783 Percentage of population; 2020: 95.8819306087 Percentage of population. The first observation is **97.5510432609 Percentage of population in 2018** and the latest is **95.8819306087 Percentage of population in 2020**. The absolute change is -1.6691126522 Percentage of population, equivalent to -1.71101466105% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 95.8819306087 Percentage of population, and the maximum is 97.5510432609 Percentage of population. For catalog item 102, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-3.2813593913 Percentage of population** and is classified as **positive** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 3 retained item 102 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 102 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_2#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Exposed to air pollution can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 102, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2020 sequence for item 102 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 102 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Environment and Living Conditions
Exposure to extreme temperature## What it measures Exposure to extreme temperature is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 110. It belongs to **Environment and Living Conditions**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with environmental exposures, resource stewardship, waste, climate pressure, and liveable surroundings. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. Candidate 110 is broader or differently denominated than “Exposure to extreme temperature” in Percentage of population. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 110, the provider definition is: Exposure to extreme temperature in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 110 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 110 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 110 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 47 reporting economies; 2024 combines 47 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 110 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0 Percentage of population**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 110 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 5.663877518 Percentage of population; 2019: 7.643418717 Percentage of population; 2020: 7.0415812289 Percentage of population; 2021: 7.6928590132 Percentage of population; 2022: 6.5724922728 Percentage of population; 2023: 10.2647341762 Percentage of population; 2024: 11.7484040897 Percentage of population. The first observation is **5.663877518 Percentage of population in 2018** and the latest is **11.7484040897 Percentage of population in 2024**. The absolute change is 6.0845265717 Percentage of population, equivalent to 107.426874122% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 5.663877518 Percentage of population, and the maximum is 11.7484040897 Percentage of population. For catalog item 110, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **11.7484040897 Percentage of population** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 110 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 110 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Exposure to extreme temperature can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 110, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 110 is broader or differently denominated than “Exposure to extreme temperature” in Percentage of population. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 110 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 110 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Environment and Living Conditions
Feelings of physical pain## What it measures Feelings of physical pain is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 33. It belongs to **Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with reported experience, social connection, safety, time use, and the psychological quality of life. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population aged 15 years or over**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15#identity`. Candidate 33 is broader or differently denominated than “Feelings of physical pain” in Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 33, the provider definition is: Feelings of physical pain in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 33 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 33 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 33 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 47 reporting economies; 2024 combines 47 reporting economies; 2025 combines 47 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 33 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **23.8514724357 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 33 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2019: 27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2020: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2021: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2022: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2023: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2024: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2025: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. The first observation is **27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over in 2018** and the latest is **29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over in 2025**. The absolute change is 1.8169059715 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over, equivalent to 6.57222748331% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over, and the maximum is 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. For catalog item 33, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **5.6106417413 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 33 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 33 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Feelings of physical pain can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 33, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 33 is broader or differently denominated than “Feelings of physical pain” in Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2025 sequence for item 33 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 33 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being
Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score## What it measures Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 73. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **Score**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WDI#GOV_WGI_GE_SC#gap_from_100`. Candidate 73 is broader or differently denominated than “Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score” in Score. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 73, the provider definition is: Government Effectiveness (GE) captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the civil service, policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of a government’s decisions. Governance score is a linear transformation of the governance estimate using hypothetical worst-case and base-case countries. It is an absolute score ranging from 0-100. Larger values correspond to better governance. The (country-series-time) metadata include the (a) number of sources, and (b) confidence intervals (lower and upper bound). The number of sources indicates the number of underlying data sources on which the governance score (respectively the underlying governance estimate) is based. The confidence intervals include the lower and upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for the governance score. Confidence intervals are a statistical range of values that likely contain the true value (of what is being estimated). That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 73 uses `zero_is_norm`. Only zero satisfies the norm; every positive stored incidence or gap is adverse. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. The stored value is the disclosed distance from the highest possible governance score: 100 minus the published score. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 73 were retrieved from **World Development Indicators (WDI)** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=WB_WDI&INDICATOR=WB_WDI_GOV_WGI_GE_SC&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GOV_WGI_GE_SC. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `country=all`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 73 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 204 reporting economies; 2019 combines 204 reporting economies; 2020 combines 204 reporting economies; 2021 combines 204 reporting economies; 2022 combines 204 reporting economies; 2023 combines 204 reporting economies; 2024 combines 204 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 73 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0 Score**. Canonical moral and legal zero. No observed abuse, death, disappearance, or institutional gap is normalized into an acceptable non-zero level. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 73 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 47.4266760637 Score; 2019: 47.3832900294 Score; 2020: 48.2436424265 Score; 2021: 48.1028956569 Score; 2022: 48.0803976912 Score; 2023: 47.8629957206 Score; 2024: 47.8112895637 Score. The first observation is **47.4266760637 Score in 2018** and the latest is **47.8112895637 Score in 2024**. The absolute change is 0.3846135 Score, equivalent to 0.810964486492% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 47.3832900294 Score, and the maximum is 48.2436424265 Score. For catalog item 73, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **47.8112895637 Score** and is classified as **negative** under `zero_is_norm`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 73 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 73 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WDI#GOV_WGI_GE_SC#gap_from_100`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 73, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 73 is broader or differently denominated than “Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score” in Score. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 73 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 73 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)## What it measures Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 22. It belongs to **Physical Health and Longevity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **years**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Health Organization**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WHO-GHO#WHOSIS_000002#Dim1=SEX_BTSX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 22 is reconciled to the exact official series “Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)” in years. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 22, the provider definition is: WHO Global Health Observatory indicator Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), constrained to Dim1=SEX_BTSX. Country observations are aggregated as a disclosed unweighted comparison; WHO uncertainty intervals are not converted into extra observations. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 22 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 22 were retrieved from **WHO Global Health Observatory** through https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/WHOSIS_000002?$filter=TimeDim%20ge%202018%20and%20TimeDim%20le%202025&$format=json. The provider landing page is https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/WHOSIS_000002. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Dim1=SEX_BTSX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 22 follows this provider method: The WHO Global Health Observatory supplies economy observations for the exact indicator and dimension tuple. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean of reporting economies and does not convert uncertainty bounds into observations. 2018 combines 185 reporting economies; 2019 combines 185 reporting economies; 2020 combines 185 reporting economies; 2021 combines 185 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 22 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **67.088167355 years**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 22 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 62.9498826463 years; 2019: 63.1129853565 years; 2020: 62.5788587714 years; 2021: 61.8834042784 years. The first observation is **62.9498826463 years in 2018** and the latest is **61.8834042784 years in 2021**. The absolute change is -1.0664783679 years, equivalent to -1.69417054181% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 61.8834042784 years, and the maximum is 63.1129853565 years. For catalog item 22, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-5.2047630766 years** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 4 retained item 22 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 22 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WHO-GHO#WHOSIS_000002#Dim1=SEX_BTSX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 22, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2021 sequence for item 22 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 22 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Physical Health and Longevity
Households living in overcrowded conditions## What it measures Households living in overcrowded conditions is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 13. It belongs to **Housing, Infrastructure, and Basic Services**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with the habitability, affordability, and service infrastructure of the places where people live. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of households**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#3_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 13 is reconciled to the exact official series “Households living in overcrowded conditions” in Percentage of households. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 13, the provider definition is: Households living in overcrowded conditions in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 13 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 13 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 13 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 36 reporting economies; 2019 combines 34 reporting economies; 2020 combines 36 reporting economies; 2021 combines 32 reporting economies; 2022 combines 34 reporting economies; 2023 combines 32 reporting economies; 2024 combines 28 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 13 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **4.8989522271 Percentage of households**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 13 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 13.4591281436 Percentage of households; 2019: 12.7513698378 Percentage of households; 2020: 12.8318513518 Percentage of households; 2021: 12.1973693597 Percentage of households; 2022: 12.2014853175 Percentage of households; 2023: 11.9252702389 Percentage of households; 2024: 13.2535983906 Percentage of households. The first observation is **13.4591281436 Percentage of households in 2018** and the latest is **13.2535983906 Percentage of households in 2024**. The absolute change is -0.205529753 Percentage of households, equivalent to -1.52706587535% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 11.9252702389 Percentage of households, and the maximum is 13.4591281436 Percentage of households. For catalog item 13, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **8.3546461635 Percentage of households** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 13 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 13 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#3_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Households living in overcrowded conditions can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 13, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 13 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 13 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Housing, Infrastructure, and Basic Services
Life expectancy at birth## What it measures Life expectancy at birth is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 21. It belongs to **Physical Health and Longevity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **Years**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#5_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 21 is reconciled to the exact official series “Life expectancy at birth” in Years. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 21, the provider definition is: Life expectancy at birth in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 21 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 21 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 21 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 46 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 21 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **82.3 Years**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 21 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 79.5234042553 Years; 2019: 79.7808510638 Years; 2020: 79.0553191489 Years; 2021: 78.6191489362 Years; 2022: 79.3063829787 Years; 2023: 79.9956521739 Years. The first observation is **79.5234042553 Years in 2018** and the latest is **79.9956521739 Years in 2023**. The absolute change is 0.4722479186 Years, equivalent to 0.593847714421% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 78.6191489362 Years, and the maximum is 79.9956521739 Years. For catalog item 21, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-2.3043478261 Years** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 21 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 21 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#5_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Life expectancy at birth can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 21, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 21 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 21 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Physical Health and Longevity
Life satisfaction## What it measures Life satisfaction is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 34. It belongs to **Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with reported experience, social connection, safety, time use, and the psychological quality of life. The exact stored unit is **0-10 scale**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 34 is reconciled to the exact official series “Life satisfaction” in 0-10 scale. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 34, the provider definition is: Life satisfaction in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 34 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 34 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 34 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 34 reporting economies; 2019 combines 6 reporting economies; 2020 combines 6 reporting economies; 2021 combines 35 reporting economies; 2022 combines 32 reporting economies; 2023 combines 31 reporting economies; 2024 combines 29 reporting economies; 2025 combines 27 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 34 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **7.6611051642 0-10 scale**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 34 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 7.2759482584 0-10 scale; 2019: 7.1992257913 0-10 scale; 2020: 7.06935015 0-10 scale; 2021: 7.2272366179 0-10 scale; 2022: 7.1767594577 0-10 scale; 2023: 7.2257608777 0-10 scale; 2024: 7.2182766945 0-10 scale; 2025: 7.2962962963 0-10 scale. The first observation is **7.2759482584 0-10 scale in 2018** and the latest is **7.2962962963 0-10 scale in 2025**. The absolute change is 0.0203480379 0-10 scale, equivalent to 0.279661663021% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 7.06935015 0-10 scale, and the maximum is 7.2962962963 0-10 scale. For catalog item 34, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.3648088679 0-10 scale** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 34 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 34 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Life satisfaction can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 34, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2025 sequence for item 34 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 34 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being

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Welfare indicators

Global deaths from organized violence (UCDP)Annual global best-estimate fatalities across UCDP's state-based conflict, non-state conflict and one-sided violence categories.security
Under-five mortality rate (global)## What it measures Under-five mortality rate (global) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 25. It belongs to **child-health**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **deaths per 1,000 live births**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-3.2.1#SH_DYN_MORT#Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 25 is reconciled to the exact official series “Under-five mortality rate (global)” in deaths per 1,000 live births. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 25, the provider definition is: Under-five mortality rate, by sex (deaths per 1,000 live births). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 3.2.1, series SH_DYN_MORT, constrained to Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 25 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 25 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=3.2.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=3.2.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 25 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 preserves the existing canonical observation and its original Source and Evidence; 2024 preserves the existing canonical observation and its original Source and Evidence. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 25 NormalLine starts on 2015-09-25 at **25 deaths per 1,000 live births**. The preserved canonical NormalLine is the SDG 3.2 target: by 2030 every country should reduce under-five mortality to at most 25 deaths per 1,000 live births. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 25 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 39.961798 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2019: 39.56592749 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2020: 39.15584678 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2021: 39.60780276 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2022: 39.97699239 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2023: 36.72 deaths per 1,000 live births; 2024: 37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births. The first observation is **39.961798 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2018** and the latest is **37.4 deaths per 1,000 live births in 2024**. The absolute change is -2.561798 deaths per 1,000 live births, equivalent to -6.41061746021% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 36.72 deaths per 1,000 live births, and the maximum is 39.97699239 deaths per 1,000 live births. For catalog item 25, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **12.4 deaths per 1,000 live births** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 25 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 25 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-3.2.1#SH_DYN_MORT#Age=<5Y|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Under-five mortality rate (global) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 25, importance weight **0.95** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 25 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 25 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.child-health
Learning Poverty Rate (low- and middle-income countries)Share of 10-year-olds in low- and middle-income countries who are unable to read and understand a simple text. A combined measure of schooling deprivation (out-of-school) and learning deprivation (below minimum reading proficiency), introduced by the World Bank and the UNESCO Institute for Statistics in 2019.Education quality / foundational learning
Access to electricity (share of world population)Share of the global population with access to electricity. A foundational welfare indicator: electricity access underpins health care, education, refrigeration, communications and economic opportunity, and the remaining gap is concentrated in Sub-Saharan Africa.Energy access
Global CO2 emissions per capitaAverage annual fossil and industrial CO2 emissions per person worldwide, calculated by dividing global production-based CO2 emissions by world population. A core welfare-relevant climate pressure indicator: higher per-capita emissions drive accumulated atmospheric CO2 and warming.climate
Global Consumer Price Inflation (annual %)World aggregate annual percentage change in average consumer prices, as compiled by the IMF World Economic Outlook. A core cost-of-living welfare indicator: high inflation erodes real wages and savings, hitting low-income households hardest. Moderate, stable inflation near 2% is generally treated as healthy by central banks; the 2022 spike to ~8.7% was the highest global reading in decades.macroeconomic stability
Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World## What it measures Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 111. It belongs to **digital inclusion**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **% of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-17.8.1#IT_USE_ii99#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 111 is reconciled to the exact official series “Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World” in % of population. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 111, the provider definition is: Proportion of individuals using the Internet (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 17.8.1, series IT_USE_ii99, constrained to Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 111 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 111 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=17.8.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=17.8.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 111 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2024 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2025 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 111 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **100 % of population**. The additional coverage NormalLine uses the preserved canonical full-inclusion benchmark of 100 percent; its earlier date covers the added 2018-2025 official observations without altering the existing 2024 line. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 111 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 49.4 % of population; 2019: 53.9 % of population; 2020: 60.1 % of population; 2021: 63.8 % of population; 2022: 67 % of population; 2023: 69.2 % of population; 2024: 71.2 % of population; 2025: 73.6 % of population. The first observation is **49.4 % of population in 2018** and the latest is **73.6 % of population in 2025**. The absolute change is 24.2 % of population, equivalent to 48.987854251% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 49.4 % of population, and the maximum is 73.6 % of population. For catalog item 111, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-26.4 % of population** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 111 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 111 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-17.8.1#IT_USE_ii99#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Internet Penetration (Individuals Using the Internet, % of Population) - World can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 111, importance weight **0.9** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.8, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.8. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2025 sequence for item 111 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 111 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.digital inclusion
People Internally Displaced by Conflict and Violence (IDMC)Total number of internally displaced persons (IDPs) living in displacement at the end of each year as a result of armed conflict and violence, as monitored by the Internal Displacement Monitoring Centre (IDMC). This is a stock (people still displaced), not annual new movements. Higher values indicate a larger population uprooted by insecurity.security
WJP Rule of Law Index (global)Factrail global observation derived as the unweighted mean of all 142 country and jurisdiction scores published by WJP for 2024, rounded to the source table’s two-decimal precision. WJP does not publish this as a headline world average.Rule of law / governance
[ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%)## What it measures [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 97. It belongs to **Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with income security and access to benefits across age, disability, employment, and household circumstances. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_DISAB#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 97 is reconciled to the exact official series “[ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%)” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 97, the provider definition is: [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 1.3.1, series SI_COV_DISAB, constrained to Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 97 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 97 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=1.3.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=1.3.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 97 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 97 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **38.7 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 97 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 33.9 PERCENT; 2019: 34.2 PERCENT; 2020: 36.2 PERCENT; 2021: 38.1 PERCENT; 2022: 39 PERCENT; 2023: 38.9 PERCENT. The first observation is **33.9 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **38.9 PERCENT in 2023**. The absolute change is 5 PERCENT, equivalent to 14.7492625369% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 33.9 PERCENT, and the maximum is 39 PERCENT. For catalog item 97, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **0.2 PERCENT** and is classified as **positive** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 97 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 97 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_DISAB#Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation [ILO] Proportion of population with severe disabilities receiving disability cash benefit, by sex (%) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 97, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 97 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 97 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity
[ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older## What it measures [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 93. It belongs to **Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with income security and access to benefits across age, disability, employment, and household circumstances. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_UEMP#Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 93 is reconciled to the exact official series “[ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 93, the provider definition is: [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 1.3.1, series SI_COV_UEMP, constrained to Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 93 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 93 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=1.3.1&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=1.3.1. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 93 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 93 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **16.7 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 93 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 15.4 PERCENT; 2019: 15.9 PERCENT; 2020: 16.3 PERCENT; 2021: 16.7 PERCENT; 2022: 16.8 PERCENT; 2023: 16.7 PERCENT. The first observation is **15.4 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **16.7 PERCENT in 2023**. The absolute change is 1.3 PERCENT, equivalent to 8.44155844156% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 15.4 PERCENT, and the maximum is 16.8 PERCENT. For catalog item 93, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **0 PERCENT** and is classified as **neutral** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 93 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 93 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-1.3.1#SI_COV_UEMP#Age=15+|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation [ILO] Proportion of unemployed persons receiving unemployment cash benefit, by sex (%) — people aged 15 and older can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 93, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 93 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 93 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Social Protection and Equality of Opportunity
Access to justice index## What it measures Access to justice index is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 77. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **score from 0 to 1**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `DATA360#VDEM_CORE#VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST#AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T#identity`. Candidate 77 is broader or differently denominated than “Access to justice index” in score from 0 to 1. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 77, the provider definition is: Question: Do citizens enjoy secure and effective access to justice? Scale: Interval, from low to high (0-1). That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 77 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 77 were retrieved from **V-Dem Core** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=VDEM_CORE&INDICATOR=VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data360.worldbank.org/en/indicator/VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 77 follows this provider method: The World Bank Data360 API supplies country observations for the exact database, series, and dimension tuple. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean and preserves the dataset version metadata. 2018 combines 174 reporting economies; 2019 combines 174 reporting economies; 2020 combines 174 reporting economies; 2021 combines 174 reporting economies; 2022 combines 174 reporting economies; 2023 combines 174 reporting economies; 2024 combines 174 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 77 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0.869 score from 0 to 1**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 77 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1; 2019: 0.6404885057 score from 0 to 1; 2020: 0.637408046 score from 0 to 1; 2021: 0.6341551724 score from 0 to 1; 2022: 0.6301494253 score from 0 to 1; 2023: 0.6304310345 score from 0 to 1; 2024: 0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1. The first observation is **0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1 in 2018** and the latest is **0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1 in 2024**. The absolute change is -0.0185517241 score from 0 to 1, equivalent to -2.89104831256% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 0.6231436782 score from 0 to 1, and the maximum is 0.6416954023 score from 0 to 1. For catalog item 77, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.2458563218 score from 0 to 1** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 77 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 77 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `DATA360#VDEM_CORE#VDEM_CORE_V2XCL_ACJST#AGE=_T|COMP_BREAKDOWN_1=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_2=_Z|COMP_BREAKDOWN_3=_Z|FREQ=A|SEX=_T|URBANISATION=_T#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Access to justice index can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 77, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 77 is broader or differently denominated than “Access to justice index” in score from 0 to 1. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 77 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 77 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization## What it measures Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 118. It belongs to **Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **percent of adolescent girls**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe**, and the immutable numerical identity is `PUBLISHED-REPORT#WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5#identity`. Candidate 118 is broader or differently denominated than “Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization” in percent of adolescent girls. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 118, the provider definition is: Share of 11-, 13-, and 15-year-old girls reporting that they had been cyberbullied at least once or twice in the past couple of months. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 118 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 118 were retrieved from **A focus on adolescent peer violence and bullying in Europe, central Asia and Canada** through https://iris.who.int/server/api/core/bitstreams/1d8d101a-e414-4635-a1dc-5cb50ed2b5da/content. The provider landing page is https://iris.who.int/handle/10665/376323. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `report=WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 118 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 40 reporting economies; 2022 combines 44 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 118 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **13.75 percent of adolescent girls**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 118 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 13 percent of adolescent girls; 2022: 16 percent of adolescent girls. The first observation is **13 percent of adolescent girls in 2018** and the latest is **16 percent of adolescent girls in 2022**. The absolute change is 3 percent of adolescent girls, equivalent to 23.0769230769% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 13 percent of adolescent girls, and the maximum is 16 percent of adolescent girls. For catalog item 118, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **2.25 percent of adolescent girls** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 2 retained item 118 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. HBSC is fielded on a four-year survey cycle. The report supplies the two comparable 2018 and 2022 waves; intervening years are not observations and are not interpolated. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 118 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `PUBLISHED-REPORT#WHO-HBSC-PEER-VIOLENCE-2022-FIGURE-5#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 118, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 118 is broader or differently denominated than “Adolescent girls reporting cyberbullying victimization” in percent of adolescent girls. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2022 sequence for item 118 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 118 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety
Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education## What it measures Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 53. It belongs to **Education, Skills, and Human Development**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with learning, educational progression, capabilities, and access to future opportunities. The exact stored unit is **PERCENT**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **United Nations Statistics Division**, and the immutable numerical identity is `UN-SDG-4.1.2#SE_TOT_CPLR#Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 53 is reconciled to the exact official series “Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education” in PERCENT. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 53, the provider definition is: Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%). The stored rows are the official World aggregate for SDG indicator 4.1.2, series SE_TOT_CPLR, constrained to Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 53 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 53 were retrieved from **United Nations Global SDG Indicators Database** through https://unstats.un.org/SDGAPI/v1/sdg/Indicator/Data?indicator=4.1.2&areaCode=1&pageSize=1000. The provider landing page is https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/dataportal/database?indicator=4.1.2. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 53 follows this provider method: The United Nations database supplies a World aggregate for the exact series and dimension tuple. Factrail stores that published global observation and does not recompute it from country rows. 2018 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2019 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2020 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2021 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2022 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2023 uses the provider-published World aggregate; 2024 uses the provider-published World aggregate. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 53 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **60.1 PERCENT**. 75th percentile of retained official World observations across the disclosed publication window. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 53 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 56.1 PERCENT; 2019: 57.1 PERCENT; 2020: 58.1 PERCENT; 2021: 59 PERCENT; 2022: 59.8 PERCENT; 2023: 60.4 PERCENT; 2024: 61.1 PERCENT. The first observation is **56.1 PERCENT in 2018** and the latest is **61.1 PERCENT in 2024**. The absolute change is 5 PERCENT, equivalent to 8.91265597148% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 56.1 PERCENT, and the maximum is 61.1 PERCENT. For catalog item 53, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **1 PERCENT** and is classified as **positive** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 53 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 53 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `UN-SDG-4.1.2#SE_TOT_CPLR#Education level=UPPSEC|Location=ALLAREA|Quantile=_T|Reporting Type=G|Sex=BOTHSEX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Completion rate, by sex, location, wealth quintile and education level (%) — upper-secondary education can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 53, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 53 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 53 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Education, Skills, and Human Development
CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)## What it measures CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 78. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **Score [SCORE]**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WDI#IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ#identity`. Candidate 78 is broader or differently denominated than “CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)” in Score [SCORE]. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 78, the provider definition is: The Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA) measures the extent to which a country’s policy and institutional framework supports sustainable growth and poverty reduction, and consequently the effective use of development assistance. The outcome of the exercise yields both an overall score and scores for sixteen criteria that compose the CPIA. These criteria include: A. Economic Management (1. Monetary and Exchange Rate Policies; 2. Fiscal Policy; 3. Debt Policy and Management), B. Structural Policies (4. Trade; 5. Financial Sector; 6. Business Regulatory Environment), C. Policies for Social Inclusion/Equity (7. Gender equality; 8. Equity of public resource use; 9. Building human resources; 10. Social protection and labor; 11. Policies and institutions for environmental sustainability), D. Public Sector Management and Institutions (12. Property rights and rule-based governance; 13. Quality of budgetary and financial management; 14. Efficiency of revenue mobilization; 15. Quality of public administration; 16. Transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public... That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 78 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 78 were retrieved from **World Development Indicators (WDI)** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=WB_WDI&INDICATOR=WB_WDI_IQ_CPA_TRAN_XQ&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `country=all`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 78 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 73 reporting economies; 2019 combines 75 reporting economies; 2020 combines 73 reporting economies; 2021 combines 72 reporting economies; 2022 combines 74 reporting economies; 2023 combines 74 reporting economies; 2024 combines 77 reporting economies; 2025 combines 78 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 78 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **3.5 Score [SCORE]**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 78 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 2.842466 Score [SCORE]; 2019: 2.846667 Score [SCORE]; 2020: 2.856164 Score [SCORE]; 2021: 2.868056 Score [SCORE]; 2022: 2.851351 Score [SCORE]; 2023: 2.817568 Score [SCORE]; 2024: 2.779221 Score [SCORE]; 2025: 2.75 Score [SCORE]. The first observation is **2.842466 Score [SCORE] in 2018** and the latest is **2.75 Score [SCORE] in 2025**. The absolute change is -0.092466 Score [SCORE], equivalent to -3.2530204407% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 2.75 Score [SCORE], and the maximum is 2.868056 Score [SCORE]. For catalog item 78, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.75 Score [SCORE]** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 78 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 78 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WDI#IQ.CPA.TRAN.XQ#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 78, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 78 is broader or differently denominated than “CPIA transparency, accountability, and corruption in the public sector rating (1=low to 6=high)” in Score [SCORE]. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2025 sequence for item 78 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 78 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita## What it measures Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 113. It belongs to **Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with meaningful connectivity, digital inclusion, online access, and the security of digital participation. The exact stored unit is **percent of monthly GNI per capita**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **International Telecommunication Union**, and the immutable numerical identity is `ITU-ICT-PRICE#i271mb_1GB5_GNI#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 113 is reconciled to the exact official series “Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita” in percent of monthly GNI per capita. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 113, the provider definition is: Official ITU data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB price basket expressed as a percentage of monthly GNI per capita. Factrail keeps this exact basket identity and does not splice later editions with different data allowances. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 113 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 113 were retrieved from **ITU ICT Price Baskets 2008-2025** through https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/ICT_Prices/ITU_ICTPriceBaskets_2008-2025.xlsx. The provider landing page is https://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Pages/ICTprices/default.aspx. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `basket=data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB;denominator=monthly-GNI-per-capita`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 113 follows this provider method: The ITU historical workbook supplies economy observations for one exact price-basket code and denominator. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean and does not join editions whose data allowances changed. 2018 combines 184 reporting economies; 2019 combines 183 reporting economies; 2020 combines 188 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 113 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0.81 percent of monthly GNI per capita**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 113 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita; 2019: 4.3357923497 percent of monthly GNI per capita; 2020: 3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita. The first observation is **4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita in 2018** and the latest is **3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita in 2020**. The absolute change is -1.4752705828 percent of monthly GNI per capita, equivalent to -30.1677914243% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 3.4149468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita, and the maximum is 4.8902173913 percent of monthly GNI per capita. For catalog item 113, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **2.6049468085 percent of monthly GNI per capita** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 3 retained item 113 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The exact ITU data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket is published for 2018-2020. Later ITU editions use different 2 GB and 5 GB baskets, which are not spliced into this series because they are not the same measurement identity. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 113 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `ITU-ICT-PRICE#i271mb_1GB5_GNI#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Data-only mobile-broadband 1.5 GB basket price as a share of monthly GNI per capita can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 113, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2020 sequence for item 113 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 113 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Digital Well-Being, Access, and Safety
Exposed to air pollution## What it measures Exposed to air pollution is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 102. It belongs to **Environment and Living Conditions**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with environmental exposures, resource stewardship, waste, climate pressure, and liveable surroundings. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_2#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 102 is reconciled to the exact official series “Exposed to air pollution” in Percentage of population. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 102, the provider definition is: Exposed to air pollution in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 102 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 102 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 102 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 46 reporting economies; 2019 combines 46 reporting economies; 2020 combines 46 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 102 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **99.16329 Percentage of population**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 102 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 97.5510432609 Percentage of population; 2019: 96.8390819783 Percentage of population; 2020: 95.8819306087 Percentage of population. The first observation is **97.5510432609 Percentage of population in 2018** and the latest is **95.8819306087 Percentage of population in 2020**. The absolute change is -1.6691126522 Percentage of population, equivalent to -1.71101466105% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 95.8819306087 Percentage of population, and the maximum is 97.5510432609 Percentage of population. For catalog item 102, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-3.2813593913 Percentage of population** and is classified as **positive** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 3 retained item 102 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 102 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_2#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Exposed to air pollution can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 102, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2020 sequence for item 102 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 102 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Environment and Living Conditions
Exposure to extreme temperature## What it measures Exposure to extreme temperature is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 110. It belongs to **Environment and Living Conditions**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with environmental exposures, resource stewardship, waste, climate pressure, and liveable surroundings. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. Candidate 110 is broader or differently denominated than “Exposure to extreme temperature” in Percentage of population. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 110, the provider definition is: Exposure to extreme temperature in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 110 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 110 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 110 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 47 reporting economies; 2024 combines 47 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 110 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0 Percentage of population**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 110 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 5.663877518 Percentage of population; 2019: 7.643418717 Percentage of population; 2020: 7.0415812289 Percentage of population; 2021: 7.6928590132 Percentage of population; 2022: 6.5724922728 Percentage of population; 2023: 10.2647341762 Percentage of population; 2024: 11.7484040897 Percentage of population. The first observation is **5.663877518 Percentage of population in 2018** and the latest is **11.7484040897 Percentage of population in 2024**. The absolute change is 6.0845265717 Percentage of population, equivalent to 107.426874122% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 5.663877518 Percentage of population, and the maximum is 11.7484040897 Percentage of population. For catalog item 110, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **11.7484040897 Percentage of population** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 110 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 110 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#9_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_9|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Exposure to extreme temperature can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 110, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 110 is broader or differently denominated than “Exposure to extreme temperature” in Percentage of population. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 110 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 110 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Environment and Living Conditions
Feelings of physical pain## What it measures Feelings of physical pain is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 33. It belongs to **Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with reported experience, social connection, safety, time use, and the psychological quality of life. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of population aged 15 years or over**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15#identity`. Candidate 33 is broader or differently denominated than “Feelings of physical pain” in Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 33, the provider definition is: Feelings of physical pain in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 33 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 33 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 33 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 47 reporting economies; 2024 combines 47 reporting economies; 2025 combines 47 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 33 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **23.8514724357 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 33 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2019: 27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2020: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2021: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2022: 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2023: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2024: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over; 2025: 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. The first observation is **27.6452082055 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over in 2018** and the latest is **29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over in 2025**. The absolute change is 1.8169059715 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over, equivalent to 6.57222748331% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 27.6190896399 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over, and the maximum is 29.462114177 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. For catalog item 33, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **5.6106417413 Percentage of population aged 15 years or over** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 33 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 33 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_3#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_POP_Y_GE15#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Feelings of physical pain can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 33, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 33 is broader or differently denominated than “Feelings of physical pain” in Percentage of population aged 15 years or over. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2025 sequence for item 33 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 33 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being
Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score## What it measures Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 73. It belongs to **Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with institutional protection from abuse, legal equality, political freedom, and access to remedy. The exact stored unit is **Score**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Bank**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WDI#GOV_WGI_GE_SC#gap_from_100`. Candidate 73 is broader or differently denominated than “Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score” in Score. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. For catalog item 73, the provider definition is: Government Effectiveness (GE) captures perceptions of the quality of public services, the civil service, policy formulation and implementation, and the credibility of a government’s decisions. Governance score is a linear transformation of the governance estimate using hypothetical worst-case and base-case countries. It is an absolute score ranging from 0-100. Larger values correspond to better governance. The (country-series-time) metadata include the (a) number of sources, and (b) confidence intervals (lower and upper bound). The number of sources indicates the number of underlying data sources on which the governance score (respectively the underlying governance estimate) is based. The confidence intervals include the lower and upper bound of the 90% confidence interval for the governance score. Confidence intervals are a statistical range of values that likely contain the true value (of what is being estimated). That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 73 uses `zero_is_norm`. Only zero satisfies the norm; every positive stored incidence or gap is adverse. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. The stored value is the disclosed distance from the highest possible governance score: 100 minus the published score. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 73 were retrieved from **World Development Indicators (WDI)** through https://data360api.worldbank.org/data360/data?DATABASE_ID=WB_WDI&INDICATOR=WB_WDI_GOV_WGI_GE_SC&timePeriodFrom=2018&timePeriodTo=2025. The provider landing page is https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/GOV_WGI_GE_SC. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `country=all`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 73 follows this provider method: The World Bank world aggregate is retained when it exists for a year; otherwise Factrail records a disclosed unweighted mean of reporting economies for the same exact indicator code. The aggregation label on every point distinguishes those two cases. 2018 combines 204 reporting economies; 2019 combines 204 reporting economies; 2020 combines 204 reporting economies; 2021 combines 204 reporting economies; 2022 combines 204 reporting economies; 2023 combines 204 reporting economies; 2024 combines 204 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 73 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **0 Score**. Canonical moral and legal zero. No observed abuse, death, disappearance, or institutional gap is normalized into an acceptable non-zero level. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 73 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 47.4266760637 Score; 2019: 47.3832900294 Score; 2020: 48.2436424265 Score; 2021: 48.1028956569 Score; 2022: 48.0803976912 Score; 2023: 47.8629957206 Score; 2024: 47.8112895637 Score. The first observation is **47.4266760637 Score in 2018** and the latest is **47.8112895637 Score in 2024**. The absolute change is 0.3846135 Score, equivalent to 0.810964486492% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 47.3832900294 Score, and the maximum is 48.2436424265 Score. For catalog item 73, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **47.8112895637 Score** and is classified as **negative** under `zero_is_norm`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 73 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 73 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WDI#GOV_WGI_GE_SC#gap_from_100`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 73, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.8, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats Candidate 73 is broader or differently denominated than “Government Effectiveness Gap from the Highest Governance Score” in Score. Factrail stores this narrower source-defined measure, preserves the input wording in reconciliation, and makes no claim that the values measure the broader phrase. The correction preserves all 120 catalog candidates as auditable inputs while refusing to fabricate a literal series that the selected official systems do not publish coherently. The resulting canonical Indicator may be narrower, differently denominated, or differently scoped than the preliminary phrase, and that difference is part of the record rather than hidden in a footnote. The 2018-2024 sequence for item 73 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 73 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Human Rights, Freedoms, and Equality Before the Law
Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)## What it measures Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years) is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 22. It belongs to **Physical Health and Longevity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **years**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **World Health Organization**, and the immutable numerical identity is `WHO-GHO#WHOSIS_000002#Dim1=SEX_BTSX#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 22 is reconciled to the exact official series “Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years)” in years. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 22, the provider definition is: WHO Global Health Observatory indicator Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years), constrained to Dim1=SEX_BTSX. Country observations are aggregated as a disclosed unweighted comparison; WHO uncertainty intervals are not converted into extra observations. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 22 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 22 were retrieved from **WHO Global Health Observatory** through https://ghoapi.azureedge.net/api/WHOSIS_000002?$filter=TimeDim%20ge%202018%20and%20TimeDim%20le%202025&$format=json. The provider landing page is https://www.who.int/data/gho/data/indicators/indicator-details/GHO/WHOSIS_000002. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `Dim1=SEX_BTSX`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 22 follows this provider method: The WHO Global Health Observatory supplies economy observations for the exact indicator and dimension tuple. Factrail records a disclosed unweighted annual mean of reporting economies and does not convert uncertainty bounds into observations. 2018 combines 185 reporting economies; 2019 combines 185 reporting economies; 2020 combines 185 reporting economies; 2021 combines 185 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 22 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **67.088167355 years**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 22 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 62.9498826463 years; 2019: 63.1129853565 years; 2020: 62.5788587714 years; 2021: 61.8834042784 years. The first observation is **62.9498826463 years in 2018** and the latest is **61.8834042784 years in 2021**. The absolute change is -1.0664783679 years, equivalent to -1.69417054181% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 61.8834042784 years, and the maximum is 63.1129853565 years. For catalog item 22, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-5.2047630766 years** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 4 retained item 22 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 22 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `WHO-GHO#WHOSIS_000002#Dim1=SEX_BTSX#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Healthy life expectancy (HALE) at birth (years) can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 22, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.8, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2021 sequence for item 22 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 22 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Physical Health and Longevity
Households living in overcrowded conditions## What it measures Households living in overcrowded conditions is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 13. It belongs to **Housing, Infrastructure, and Basic Services**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with the habitability, affordability, and service infrastructure of the places where people live. The exact stored unit is **Percentage of households**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#3_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 13 is reconciled to the exact official series “Households living in overcrowded conditions” in Percentage of households. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 13, the provider definition is: Households living in overcrowded conditions in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 13 uses `lower_is_better`. Lower observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 13 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 13 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 36 reporting economies; 2019 combines 34 reporting economies; 2020 combines 36 reporting economies; 2021 combines 32 reporting economies; 2022 combines 34 reporting economies; 2023 combines 32 reporting economies; 2024 combines 28 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 13 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **4.8989522271 Percentage of households**. 25th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 13 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 13.4591281436 Percentage of households; 2019: 12.7513698378 Percentage of households; 2020: 12.8318513518 Percentage of households; 2021: 12.1973693597 Percentage of households; 2022: 12.2014853175 Percentage of households; 2023: 11.9252702389 Percentage of households; 2024: 13.2535983906 Percentage of households. The first observation is **13.4591281436 Percentage of households in 2018** and the latest is **13.2535983906 Percentage of households in 2024**. The absolute change is -0.205529753 Percentage of households, equivalent to -1.52706587535% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 11.9252702389 Percentage of households, and the maximum is 13.4591281436 Percentage of households. For catalog item 13, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **8.3546461635 Percentage of households** and is classified as **negative** under `lower_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 7 retained item 13 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 13 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#3_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_3|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=PT_HH#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Households living in overcrowded conditions can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 13, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.75, persistence 0.85, effect on human capabilities 0.9, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2024 sequence for item 13 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 13 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Housing, Infrastructure, and Basic Services
Life expectancy at birth## What it measures Life expectancy at birth is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 21. It belongs to **Physical Health and Longevity**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with survival, avoidable loss of life, and population health over the life course. The exact stored unit is **Years**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#5_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 21 is reconciled to the exact official series “Life expectancy at birth” in Years. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 21, the provider definition is: Life expectancy at birth in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 21 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 21 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 21 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 47 reporting economies; 2019 combines 47 reporting economies; 2020 combines 47 reporting economies; 2021 combines 47 reporting economies; 2022 combines 47 reporting economies; 2023 combines 46 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 21 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **82.3 Years**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 21 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 79.5234042553 Years; 2019: 79.7808510638 Years; 2020: 79.0553191489 Years; 2021: 78.6191489362 Years; 2022: 79.3063829787 Years; 2023: 79.9956521739 Years. The first observation is **79.5234042553 Years in 2018** and the latest is **79.9956521739 Years in 2023**. The absolute change is 0.4722479186 Years, equivalent to 0.593847714421% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 78.6191489362 Years, and the maximum is 79.9956521739 Years. For catalog item 21, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-2.3043478261 Years** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 6 retained item 21 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 21 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#5_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_5|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=Y#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Life expectancy at birth can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 21, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.9, population reach 0.8, persistence 0.75, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.9. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2023 sequence for item 21 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 21 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Physical Health and Longevity
Life satisfaction## What it measures Life satisfaction is the canonical measurable outcome used to reconcile catalog item 34. It belongs to **Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being**, the part of the welfare catalog concerned with reported experience, social connection, safety, time use, and the psychological quality of life. The exact stored unit is **0-10 scale**, the geographic presentation is global, the data publisher is **Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development**, and the immutable numerical identity is `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10#identity`. The preliminary catalog candidate 34 is reconciled to the exact official series “Life satisfaction” in 0-10 scale. This is a deliberate canonical correction: the database title names what the values actually measure, while the input wording remains in the reconciliation and audit trail. No hidden proxy label, fallback series, or silently substituted denominator remains. For catalog item 34, the provider definition is: Life satisfaction in the OECD Current Well-being dataflow, selected with AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10. The dataset supplies country observations and status flags under one common SDMX structure; the displayed global comparison is an explicitly disclosed unweighted mean, not an OECD-published world total. That definition controls the denominator, population, reporting instrument, and statistical meaning. The Russian seed wording does not override it, and provider units and denominators remain unchanged. This Indicator records an observed outcome; it does not assert why that outcome changed. Welfare assessment for item 34 uses `higher_is_better`. Higher observations are treated as better welfare relative to the dated comparative reference. The direction applies to the stored official measure after the disclosed transformation, if any, rather than being inferred from an emotionally positive or negative title. No mathematical transformation is applied before persistence. Keeping title, series identity, unit, scope, transformation, and interpretation together prevents the record from mixing incompatible measurement concepts. ## How it is measured The numerical observations for catalog item 34 were retrieved from **OECD Well-being Data Monitor — Current Well-being** through https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The provider landing page is https://sdmx.oecd.org/public/rest/v1/data/OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1/?startPeriod=2018&endPeriod=2025. The research package records the access date, exact dataset and series identifiers, dimension key `AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10`, unit, provider metadata, transformation, and yearly aggregation label. The bounded Source and Evidence records can therefore reproduce which numbers were used without treating a generic homepage as row-level proof. Measurement provenance for item 34 follows this provider method: The OECD dataset is country-based, so each displayed year is an unweighted mean of the economies reporting the exact same measure, unit, and dimension key. This aggregation supports a transparent global comparison but is not described as an OECD-published world total. 2018 combines 34 reporting economies; 2019 combines 6 reporting economies; 2020 combines 6 reporting economies; 2021 combines 35 reporting economies; 2022 combines 32 reporting economies; 2023 combines 31 reporting economies; 2024 combines 29 reporting economies; 2025 combines 27 reporting economies. The output keeps full numerical precision through NormalLine, deviation, and interpretation calculations. Display clients may round for readability, but the persisted value is not squeezed into a zero-to-one score and is not rounded before calculation. The item 34 NormalLine starts on 2018-01-01 at **7.6611051642 0-10 scale**. 75th percentile of provider-published reporting-economy observations in the selected series and dimensions. The calculation keeps the source unit, dimensions, and transformation fixed and is a comparative reference rather than an invented statutory target. For `zero_is_norm`, the value is exactly zero and is never relaxed because non-zero observations are common. For other interpretation modes, the benchmark is empirical and versioned: a later provider revision can justify a new dated line, but it does not silently rewrite the research package used for this seed. For every item 34 point, `normal_line_value` copies that dated line and `deviation_from_normal` is stored in raw-unit terms as observation minus NormalLine. Arithmetic sign and welfare sign are separate. A positive raw deviation is adverse for `lower_is_better`, favourable for `higher_is_better`, and adverse above zero for `zero_is_norm`. The custom governance score retains its provider scale and uses the public methodology explanation rather than title sentiment. ## What the data shows The complete retained sequence is 2018: 7.2759482584 0-10 scale; 2019: 7.1992257913 0-10 scale; 2020: 7.06935015 0-10 scale; 2021: 7.2272366179 0-10 scale; 2022: 7.1767594577 0-10 scale; 2023: 7.2257608777 0-10 scale; 2024: 7.2182766945 0-10 scale; 2025: 7.2962962963 0-10 scale. The first observation is **7.2759482584 0-10 scale in 2018** and the latest is **7.2962962963 0-10 scale in 2025**. The absolute change is 0.0203480379 0-10 scale, equivalent to 0.279661663021% of the absolute starting level. The minimum observed value is 7.06935015 0-10 scale, and the maximum is 7.2962962963 0-10 scale. For catalog item 34, the latest observation differs from the NormalLine by **-0.3648088679 0-10 scale** and is classified as **negative** under `higher_is_better`. That classification is a deterministic comparison, not a causal explanation or editorial verdict. A movement may reflect real change, altered reporting coverage, revised estimates, a changed survey frame, or several of those at once. There are 8 retained item 34 observations in the selected 2018-2025 research window. The retained observations satisfy the minimum temporal rule without interpolation, extrapolation, or forward filling. Missing years are absent observations, not zeroes. The sequence is intentionally irregular when the official source is irregular, because a smooth-looking line created by invented values would be methodologically false. The displayed global item 34 sequence has one consistent numerical identity: `OECD.WISE.WDP,DSD_HSL@DF_HSL_CWB,1.1#11_1#AGE=_T|DOMAIN=HSL_11|EDUCATION_LEV=_T|SEX=_T|UNIT_MEASURE=0_TO_10#identity`. No second source series is spliced into a gap, no latest value is copied into a missing year, and no country-only observation is relabelled as a World value. If the source later adds or revises an observation, the update must arrive as a new reviewed research package with its own checksum and audit record. ## Drivers and interpretation Life satisfaction can be associated with economic, institutional, demographic, environmental, behavioural, or service-delivery mechanisms, but this seed does not create a DriverIndicatorImpact from topical resemblance. A defensible graph edge requires an existing Driver, direction, strength, lag, confidence, and Source/Evidence that supports the mechanism. The outcome series alone cannot establish that causal chain. For item 34, importance weight **0.8500000000000001** is generated by `indicator-importance-rubric-v1`. Its five committed components are directness 0.85, population reach 0.85, persistence 0.9, effect on human capabilities 0.85, and overlap control 0.85. The formula weights them 0.35, 0.25, 0.20, 0.15, and 0.05, then rounds to the nearest 0.05. The value is deterministic and reproducible; it is not an intuitive score assigned while drafting prose. ## Limitations and caveats The 2018-2025 sequence for item 34 is too short for strong causal or structural claims. Cross-economy comparability can be affected by institutional definitions, survey coverage, modelled estimates, missing observations, classification practices, revisions, and unequal statistical capacity. A global aggregate or unweighted reporting-economy mean can also conceal distributional extremes and should not be used as an individual-level estimate. The item 34 NormalLine is a transparent comparative reference, not a claim that every jurisdiction has the same legal target or feasible frontier. The source may revise both historical points and metadata. Any later refresh must preserve the earlier Source, Evidence, checksum, and audit trail; it must not mutate the meaning of an already reviewed series identity.Mental Health and Subjective Well-Being